A RELAÇÃO SINO-INDIANA PARA INFLUÊNCIA NO SUL DA ÁSIA: O CASO DA BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI)

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22409/GEOgraphia2023.v25i54.a50636

Palavras-chave:

Belt and Road Initiative, China, Índia, Paquistão, Realismo Neoclássico, Geoeconomia

Resumo

Este artigo pretende analisar a relação sino-indiana-paquistanesa sob a perspectiva da Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Como parte da estrutura, serão expostas as problemáticas que circundam a implementação da BRI no sul da Ásia, visto que o corredor econômico entre China e Paquistão (CPEC) passa por regiões com conflito de soberania, como a Caxemira, e o corredor econômico no qual a Índia inicialmente faria parte, mas não teve adesão oficial. Além disso, outros aspectos se sobressaem quando se analisam as dinâmicas propostas, como as ressalvas indianas sobre a presença chinesa na região sul asiática e os problemas de segurança presentes no Oriente Médio, Paquistão, Ásia Central e oeste chinês.

 

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

AHMAD, Riaz; MI, Hong; FERNALD JR., Lloyd. (2020) Revisiting the potential security threats linked with the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Journal of the International Council for Small Business, 1:1, p. 64 – 80.

ALLISON, Graham. (2017) Destined for War: Can America and China Escape Thucydides’s Trap? New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 384.

ARRIGHI, Giovani. (2011) Adam Smith em Pequim: origens e fundamentos do século XXI. São Paulo: Boitempo.

BBC. (2020) Mike Pompeo lashes out at China ‘Quad’ meeting in Japan. In: BBC, World, Asia. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54431615. Acesso em: 07 de out. de 2020.

BLACKWILL, Robert D. HARRIS, Jennifer M. (2016) War Other Means. Geoeconomics and statecraft. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard, University Press Cambridge, p. 384.

BRAUTIGAM, Deborah. (2019) Is China the World’s Loan Shark? The New York Times. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/26/opinion/china-belt-road-initiative.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share. Acesso em: 08 fev. 2022.

BREWSTER, David. (2016) Silk Roads and Strings of Pearls: The Strategic Geography of China’s New Pathways in the Indian Ocean. In: Geopolitics, 22:2, p. 269 – 291.

BREWSTER, David. (2018) In: David Brewster (Org). India and China at Sea: Competition for Naval Dominance in the Indian Ocean. 1a ed. Índia, Oxford University Press, 2018. E-book (não-paginado).

BRZEZINSKI, Zbigniew. (2000) The Geostrategic Triad: Living with China, Europe, and Russia. Center for Strategic & International Studies; UK ed. Edition, p. 88.

CAI, Kevin G (2018). The One Belt One Road and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Beijing’s New Strategy of Geoeconomics and Geopolitics. Journal of Contemporary China, v. 27, n. 114, jul., 2018, p. 831 – 847.

CALLAGHAN, Mike; HUBBARD, Paul. (2016) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Multilateralism on the Silk Road. In: China Economic Journal, vol. 9, p. 116 – 139.

CHACKO, Priya. (2014) The rise of the Indo-Pacific: understanding ideational change and continuity in India's foreign policy. In: Australian Journal of International Affairs, vol. 68, n.4, p.433-452.

CHANDRA, Vikash (2017). Modi Government and Changing Patterns in Indian Foreign Policy. In: Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, v. 21, n. 2, p. 98-117.

CHINA, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Ministry of Commerce of People's Republic of. Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt & 21st -Century Maritime Silk Road. Pequim, março de 2015. Disponível em: https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/qwyw/qwfb/1084.htm. Acesso em: 27 jul. 2021.

DAHIYA, Brig Rumel. (2015) Political Will and Military Capacity to Provide Security. In: MUNI, S. D.; CHADHA, Vivek (ed.). Asian Strategic Review 2015: India as a Security Provider. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, p. 9 – 27.

FARIAS, Helio Caetano; MARTINS, Pedro Mendes. (2020) A geoeconomia do desenvolvimento chinês: das Quatro Modernizações à Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). In: Mural Internacional, [S.I], v.11.

FAROOQ, Khesraw Omid. (2019) Chabahar Port: A Step Toward Connectivity for India and Afghanistan. In: The Diplomat. Disponível em: https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/chabahar-port-a-step-toward-connectivity-for-india-and-afghanistan/. Acesso em: 15 de maio de 2020.

GHISELLI, Andrea. (2015) The Chinese People’s Liberation Army ‘Post-modern’Navy. In: The International Spectator, v. 50, n. 1, p. 117-136, 2015.

Green BRI Center. (2022) Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). In: Green Belt and Road Initiative Center, International Institute of Green Finance, CUFE. Disponível em: https://green-bri.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri. Acesso em: 13 set. 2022.

HALL, Ian. (2019) Modi and The Reinvention of Indian Foreign Policy. Bristol University Press, p. 241.

HUSSAIN, Ejaz. (2016) China–Pakistan Economic Corridor: will it sustain itself? In: Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Science, v.10, p.145–159.

IBAÑEZ, Pablo. (2020a) Geopolítica e diplomacia em tempos de Covid-19: Brasil e China no limiar de um contencioso. Espaço e Economia, Rio de Janeiro, ano IX, 18.

IBAÑEZ, Pablo. (2020b) Belt and Road Initiative and China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: geopolitical challenges. In: Journal of China and International Relations: Special Edition: BRICS.

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN. (2017) Ministry of Planning, Development & Reform. Long Term Plan for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (2017-2030). 2017. Disponível em: http://cpec.gov.pk/long-term-plan-cpec. Acesso em: 27 de maio de 2020.

JABBOUR, Elias; GABRIELE, Alberto (2021). China: o socialismo do século XXI. São Paulo: Boitempo.

JAGUARIBE, A. (2016) Capacidades estatais comparadas: a China e a reforma do sistema nacional de inovação. In: GOMIDE, A. de A.; BOSCHI, R. (eds.) Capacidades estatais em países emergentes: o Brasil em perspectiva comparada. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA.

JASH, Amrita. (2021) The Quad Factor in the Indo-Pacific and the Role of India. In: Journal of Indo-Pacific Affairs, Air University, 08 mar. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2528182/the-quad-factor-in-the-indo-pacific-and-the-role-of-india/. Acesso em: 27 set. 2021.

JUNQUEIRA, Philipe Alexandre. (2021) A Política Externa Chinesa de Xi Jinping: a contribuição do Cinturão e Rota para a inserção internacional da China na Nova Era. Dissertação (Mestrado em Relações Internacionais) – Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, p. 139.

LANTEIGNE, M. (2009). Capítulos 6 e 7. In: Chinese foreign policy: An introduction. Routledge, New York, Ed. 1.

LIU, Weidong; DUNFORD, Michael. (2016) Inclusive globalization: unpacking China's Belt and Road Initiative. In: Area Development and Policy, p. 1-18.

LIU, HONGSON; XU, YUE; FAN, Xinzhu. (2020) Development finance with Chinese characteristics: financing the Bel and Road Initiative. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 63(2).

LOBELL, Steven E.; RIPSMAN, Norrin M.; TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey. (2009) Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.

LUTTWAK, Edward N. (1990) From Geopolitics to Geo-economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce. In: The National Interest, Estados Unidos, n.20, p. 17 – 23.

MACKINDER, Halford J. (1943) The Round World and the Winning of the Peace. In: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 21, No. 4, p. 595-605.

MAYER, Maximilian; ZHANG, Xin. (2020) Theorizing China-world integration: sociospatial reconfigurations and the modern silk roads. In: Review of International Political Economy, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, p. 30.

MEARSHEIMER, John J. (2010) The gathering storm: China’s challenge to US power in Asia. In: The Chinese journal of international politics, v. 3, n. 4, p. 381-396.

MUNI, S. D. (2014) Introduction. In: MUNI, S. D.; CHADHA, Vivek (ed.). Asian Strategic Review 2015: India as a Security Provider. New Delhi: Pentagon Press, p. 1 – 8.

PARKER, Sam; CHEFITZ, Gabrielle. (2018) China’s Debtbook Diplomacy: How China is Turning Bad Loans into Strategic Investments. In: The Diplomat.

PAUTASSO, Diego; UNGARETTI, Carlos Renato. (2017) A Nova Rota da Seda e a recriação do sistema sinocêntrico. In: Estudos Internacionais, v. 4, n. 3, p. 24 - 44.

PAUTASSO, Diego; NOGARA, Tiago Soares; RIBEIRO, Erik Herejk. (2020) A Nova Rota da Seda e as relações sino-indianas: o desafio do “colar de pérolas”. Mural Internacional, v.11, e. 50594, p. 1-16.

PAUTASSO, Diego. et al. (2022) Nova Rota da Seda e o dilema de Xinjiang. Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas, v. 9, n. 4, p. 25-42.

PITMAN, Adam. (2021) Why Bangladesh has been ignoring India’s warnings about the Chinese ‘debt trap’. In: Scroll.in. Disponível em: https://scroll.in/article/997715/why-bangladesh-has-been-ignoring-indias-warnings-about-the-chinese-debt-trap. Acesso em: 20 set. 2021.

REPUBLIC OF INDIA. (2019) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Media Center, Question No.2761 International Support Against BRI. Disponível em: https://www.mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/32201/question+no2761+international+support+against+bri. Acesso em: 19 de maio de 2020.

RIBEIRO, Erik Herejk. (2015) A rivalidade e a cooperação nas relações China-Índia: o contexto asiático e o caso de Mianmar. Dissertação (Mestrado em Estudos Estratégicos Internacionais) – Faculdade de Ciências Econômicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, p. 226.

RIPSMAN, Norrin M.; TALIAFERRO, Jeffrey W.; LOBELL, Steven E. (2016) Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.

SALOMÓN, Mónica; PINHEIRO, Letícia. (2013) Análise de Política Externa e Política Externa Brasileira: trajetória, desafios e possibilidades de um campo de estudos. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, v. 56, n. 1, p. 40-59.

SCHWELLER, Randall. (2018) Opposite but Compatible Nationalisms: a neoclassical realist approach to the future of US-China relations. In: The Chinese Journal of International Politics, v. 11, n. 1, p. 23-48.

TILL, Geoffrey. (2007) Globalization: Implications of and for the Modern/Post-modern Navies of the Asia Pacific. S. Rajaratnam School of international studies, n. 140. Nanyang Technological University.

US, Department of State. (2021) U.S.-Australia-India-Japan Consultations (the “Quad”) Senior Officials Meeting. In: Office of the Spokesperson, Press Releases, Media Note, 12 ago. 2021. Disponível em: https://www.state.gov/u-s-australia-india-japan-consultations-the-quad-senior-officials-meeting/. Acesso em: 22 set. 2021.

WANG, Yiwei; LIU, Xuejun. (2019) Is the Belt and Road Initiative a Chinese Geopolitical Strategy? In: Asian Affairs, v. 50, n. 2, p. 260-267.

WOLF, Seigfried O. (2020) The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor of the Belt and Road Initiative: Concept, Context and Assessment. In: Contemporary South Asian Studies, Springer, Ed.1, p. 395.

WONG, Catherine. (2020) US-China rivalry: is the Quad on track to take on Beijing? In: South China Morning Post, US-China relation, 7 out. 2020. Disponível em: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3104571/us-china-rivalry-quads-rise-serious-threat-beijings-security. Acesso em: 12 out. 2021.

WU, Fuzuo. (2019) India’s Pragmatic Foreign Policy toward China’s BRI and AIIB: Struggling for Relative and Absolute Gains. In: Journal of Contemporary China, v. 1, n. 1, p. 354-368.

XINHUA. (2020) China enhances cooperation with B&R countries despite COVID-19. Pequim. Disponível em: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-11/17/c_139523126.htm. Acesso em: 29 jul. 2021.

YOSHIHARA, Toshi; HOLMES, James R (2010). Red star over the Pacific: China’s rise and the challenge to U.S. maritime strategy. 1a ed. Maryland: Naval Institute Press.

Downloads

Publicado

2023-03-09

Como Citar

Ibañez, P., Oliveira Recio, C., & Perreira , A. B. . (2023). A RELAÇÃO SINO-INDIANA PARA INFLUÊNCIA NO SUL DA ÁSIA: O CASO DA BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI). GEOgraphia, 25(54). https://doi.org/10.22409/GEOgraphia2023.v25i54.a50636

Edição

Seção

Artigos