A base da pirâmide de dados: Big Data e o Sul Global
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22409/rmc.v18i2.63058Palavras-chave:
Big Date, Sul Global, Base da Pirâmide, Identidades Biométricas, Capitalismo InclusivoResumo
Até o momento, pouca atenção tem sido dada ao impacto do big data no Sul Global, onde cerca de 60% dos residentes estão abaixo da linha da pobreza. O big data se manifesta de formas novas e sem precedentes nestes contextos negligenciados. Por exemplo, a Índia criou identidades nacionais biométricas para seus 1,2 bilhão de habitantes, vinculando-os a regimes de assistência social e iniciativas de empreendedorismo social, como o projeto Ushahidi, que aproveitou o crowdsourcing para fornecer mapas de crise em tempo real para ajuda humanitária. Embora esses projetos sejam de fato inspiradores, este artigo argumenta que, no contexto do Sul Global há um preconceito no enquadramento do big data como instrumento de fortalecimento. Este artigo propõe avaliar esses novos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos através da lente de democracias, identidades e geografias baseadas em dados para tornar evidentes suposições e perspectivas normativas neste contexto subexaminado.
Downloads
Referências
ANDREJEVIC, M. The Big Data Divide. International Journal of Communication, v. 8, p. 1673–1689, 2014.
ANISH, A. Neutral Accent: How Language, Labor, and Life Become Global. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.
APPADURAI, A. The future as cultural fact: Essays on the global condition. Londres, Reino Unido: Verso, 2013.
ARORA, P. Digital gods: The making of a medical fact for rural diagnostic software. The Information Society, 26(1), p. 70–79, 2010a.
ARORA, P. Dot com mantra: Social computing in the Central Himalayas. Oxford, Reino Unido: Ashgate Publishing, 2010b.
ARORA, P. Leisure divide: Can the third-world come out to play? Information Development, 28 (2), p. 93–101, 2012.
ARORA, P. Leisure commons: A spatial history of Web 2.0. Oxford, Reino Unido: Routledge, Taylor & Francis, 2014.
ARORA, P.; RANGASWAMY, N. Digital leisure for development: Rethinking new media practices from the Global South. Media Culture & Society, 35 (7), p. 898-905, 2013.
ARORA, P.; VERMEYLEN, F. The end of the art connoisseur? Experts and knowledge production in the visual arts in the digital age. Information, Communication & Society, 16(2), p. 194–216, 2013.
BLOWFIELD, M.; DOLAN, C. Bottom billion capitalism: The possibility and improbability of business as a development actor. Third World Quarterly, 35 (1), p. 22–42, 2014
BOTT, M.; YOUNG, G. The role of crowdsourcing for better governance in international development. PRAXIS The Fletcher Journal of Human Security, XXVII, p. 47–70, 2012.
BOYD, D.; CRAWFORD, K. Critical questions for big data. Information, Communication & Society, 15 (5), p. 662–679, 2012.
BRECKENRIDGE, K. The biometric state: The promise and peril of digital government in the new South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies, 31 (2), p. 267–282, 2005.
CASTELLS, M. The power of identity: The information age: Economy, society, and culture (Vol. 2) [O poder da identidade: A Era da Informação: Economia, Sociedade e Cultura - Vol. 2]. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.
COULDRY, N.; POWELL, A. (2014). Big data from the bottom up. Big data and society, p. 1–5, 2014. DOI:10.1177/2053951714539277
DAWSON, L. L.; COWAN, D. E. Religion online: Finding faith on the Internet. Nova Iorque, NY: Routledge, 2013.
DE MUL, J. The work of art in the age of digital recombination. In. BOOMEN, Marianne van den. et. al. (org.) Digital material: Anchoring new media in daily life and technology. Amsterdã, Holanda: Amsterdam University Press, 2009.
DE MUL, J. Database identity: Personal and cultural identity in the age of global datafcation. In. DE BEEN, Wouter; ARORA, Payal; HILDEBRANDT, Mireille (Ed.), Crossroads in new media, identity and law: The shape of diversity to come. Londres, Reino Unido: Palgrave, 2015.
DOLAN, C.; ROLL, K. Capital’s new frontier: From “unusable” economies to bottom-of-the-pyramid markets in Africa. African Studies Review, 56 (3), p. 123–146, 2013
EAGLE, N. How to make the Internet free in developing countries. Crunch Network, s.l., 2015. Disponível em http://techcrunch.com/2015/06/01/how-to-make-the-internet-truly-free-in-developing-countries Acesso em 25 de maio 2024.
GAJJALA, R.; TETTEH, D. Relax, you’ve got M-PESA: Leisure as empowerment [Special Issue]. Information Technologies & International Development, 10(3), p. 31–46, 2014.
GAL, N.; SHIFMAN, L.; KAMPF, Z. “It gets better”: Internet memes and the construction of collective identity. New Media & Society, p. 1–17, 2015. DOI:10.1177/1461444814568784
GSMA. A GSMA trabalha com o Ministério da Comunicação e Tecnologia da Informação para apoiar o desenvolvimento do setor móvel em Mianmar. Jul., 2014. Disponível em http://www.gsma.com/newsroom/press-release/gsma-ministry-communications-myanmar/ Acesso em 25 de maio 2024.
HAGEN, E. Mapping change: Community information empowerment in Kibera (Innovations Case Narrative: Map Kibera). Innovations, 6 (1), p. 69–94, 2011.
HAMEL, G.; PRAHALAD, C. K. Competing for the future. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013
HELLSTRÖM, J. Crowdsourcing as a tool for political participation? The case of Uganda Watch. International Journal of Public Information Systems, 11 (1), p. 1–19, 2015.
HILBERT, M. Big data for development: From information to knowledge societies. 2013. Disponível em de http://ssrn.com/abstract=2205145 Acesso em 25 de maio 2024.
KHARROUB, T.; BAS, O. Social media and protests: An examination of Twitter images of the 2011 Egyptian revolution. New Media & Society, p. 1–20, 2015. DOI:10.1177/1461444815571914
KOLKO, B.; RACADIO, R. (). The value of non-instrumental computer use: A study of skills acquisition and performance in Brazil [Special Issue]. Information Technologies & International Development, 10(3), p. 47–65, 2014.
KÖNIG, R.; RASCH, M. (Eds.). Society of the query reader. Reflections on Web search. Amsterdã, Holanda: Institute of Network Cultures. 2014.
LEWIS, O. The culture of poverty. Scientific American, 4 (215), p. 19–25, 1959.
LINDERS, D. Towards open development: Leveraging open data to improve the planning and coordination of international aid. Government Information Quarterly, 30(4), p. 426–434, 2013.
LYON, D. The electronic eye: The rise of surveillance society—Computers and social control in context. Nova Iorque, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
MAGNET, S. A. When biometrics fail: Gender, race, and the technology of identity. Durham: Duke University Press, 2011.
MORROW, N.; MOCK, N.; PAPENDIECK, A.; KOCMICH, N. Independent evaluation of the Ushahidi Haiti project. 2011. Disponível em https://www.ushahidi.com/blog/2011/04/19/ushahidi-haiti-project- evaluation-final-report Acesso em 25 de maio 2024.
NAKAMURA, L. Cybertypes: Race, ethnicity, and identity on the Internet. Nova Iorque, NY: Routledge. 2013.
NARAYAN, D. Voices of the poor: Can anyone hear us? Oxford, Reino Unido: Oxford University Press. 2000
OWEN, T. Foucaultian dispositifs as methodology: The case of anonymous exclusions by unique identification in India. International Political Sociology, 8(2), p. 164–181, 2014.
PARKER, I. The I.D. man: Can a software mogul’s epic project help India’s poor? The New Yorker. Outubro, 2011. Disponível em http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2011/10/03/the-i-d-man Acesso em 25 de maio 2024.
PHILIP, K.; IRANI, L.; DOURISH, P. Postcolonial computing: A tactical survey. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 37(1), p. 3–29, 2012.
PIERSKALLA, J.; HOLLENBACH, F. Technology and collective action: The effect of cell phone coverage on political violence in Africa. American Political Science Review, 107(2), p. 207–224, 2013.
POSTIGO, H. The socio-technical architecture of digital labor: Converting play into YouTube money. New Media & Society, 3(4), p. 17–24, 2014.
PÖTZSCH, H. The emergence of iBorder: Bordering bodies, networks, and machines. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 33, p. 101–118, 2015. Disponível em http://epd.sagepub.com/content/33/1/101.abstrac Acesso em 25 de maio 2024.
PRAHALAD, C. K. Fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: Eradicating poverty through profits. (Rev. ed.). Nova Jersey, NJ: FT Press, 2009.
RAI, S. Why India’s identity scheme is groundbreaking. BBC, junho, 2012. Disponível em http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-18156858 Acesso em 25 de maio 2024.
RANGASWAMY, N.; CUTRELL, E. Anthropology, development and ICTs: Slums, youth, and the mobile Internet in urban India. Information Technologies & International Development, 9(2), p. 51– 63, 2013.
RAO, U. Biometric marginality UID and the shaping of homeless identities in the city. Economic & Political Weekly, 48, p. 1–7, 2013.
ROY, A. Ethical subjects: Market rule in an age of poverty. Public Culture, 24(1), p. 105–108, 2012.
SARKAR, S. The unique identity (UID) project, biometrics and re-imagining governance in India. Oxford Development Studies, 44(4), p. 516–533, 2014.
SENGOOPTA, C. Imprint of the raj: How fingerprinting was born in colonial India. Londres, Reino Unido: Macmillan, 2003
SUROWIECKI, J. The wisdom of crowds: Why the many are smarter than the few and how collective wisdom shapes business, economies, societies and nations. Nova Iorque, NY: Little Brown, 2004.
TAYLOR, L.; SCHROEDER, R. Is bigger better? The emergence of big data as a tool for international development policy. GeoJournal, 80(4), p. 503–518, 2014.
TAYLOR, L.; SCHROEDER, R.; MEYER, E. Emerging practices and perspectives on big data analysis in economics: Bigger and better or more of the same? Big Data & Society, 1(2), p. 1–10, 2014.
TONESS, R. V. India building database to unite records for 1.2 billion. Bloomberg, dezembro, 2014. Disponível em http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-12-10/india-building-database-to-unite-records- for-12-billion Acesso em 25 de maio 2024.
TURKLE, S. Constructions and reconstructions of self in virtual reality: Playing in the MUDS. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 1(3), p. 158–167, 1994.
UDUPA, S. Making news in global India: Media, publics, politics. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
VAN DER PLOEG, I. The machine readable body: Essays on biometrics and the informatization of the body. Maastricht, Holanda: Shaker, 2005
WEISS, J.; NOLAN, J.; HUNSINGER, J.; TRIFONAS, P. (Eds.). International handbook of virtual learning environments. Nova Iorque, NY: Springer, 2006.
WILLIAMS, D. R.; WILLIAMS-MORRIS, R. Racism and mental health: The African-American experience. Ethnicity & Health, 5(4), p. 243–268, 2000.
YANG, G.; JIANG, M. The networked practice of online political satire in China: Between ritual and resistance. International Communication Gazette, 77(3), p. 215–231, 2015.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Aviso de Direito Autoral Creative Commons
1. Política para Periódicos de Acesso Livre
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
