ESTADO ISLÂMICO:
UMA AMEAÇA HÍBRIDA?
Keywords:
Islamic state, ISIS, Hybrid threats, TerrorismAbstract
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) gained prominence in the international arena in 2014, when it conquered large areas of territory in Syria and Iraq. However, it is scarce and superficial knowledge one has of the group. The article points out that most analysts do not understand the nature of the Islamic state, defining it as a terrorist organization. Nevertheless, despite using terrorism as a tactic, the Islamic State cannot be understood as a terrorist group.
Downloads
References
BUFFALOE, David L. Defining Asymmetric Warfare. The Institute of Land Warfare, Land Warfare Papers, Vol. 13, Nº
, 2006. Disponível em: <https://www.ausa.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/ILW%20WEBExclusivePubs/Land%20Warfare%20Papers/LWP_58.pdf > Acesso em: 21 de abr. de 2016.
CALFAT, Natalia. O Estado Islâmico do Iraque e do Levante: Fundamentos Políticos à Violência Política. Conjuntura Austral, Vol. 6, Nº 31, p. 6-20. Porto Alegre, Ago./Set. 2015.
CRONIN, Audrey. ISIS is Not a Terrorist Group: Why Counterterrorism Won’t Stop the Latest Jihadist Threat. Foreign Affairs, Vol. 94, Nº 2, p. 87-98. Nova Iorque, Mar./Abr. 2015. Disponível em:< http://www.foreignaffairs.com/system/files/pdf/issues/2015/94200.pdf > Acesso em: 05 jul. 2015.
CRONIN, Patrick M. Irregular Warfare: New Challenges for Civil-Military Relations. Strategic Forum, Nº 234, p. 1-10. Washington, Out. 2008.
COCKBURN, Patrick. Who are ISIS? The rise of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant. Independent, 16 jun. 2014. Disponível em: < http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/who-areisis-of-the-islamicstatein-iraq-and-the-levant-9541421.html >Acesso em: 17 nov. 2016.
DOOSTDAR, Alireza. How Not to Understand ISIS. Jadaliyya, Washington e Beirute, 2 out. 2014. Disponível em: < http://www. jadaliyya.com/pages/index/19485/how-nottounderstand-isis > Acesso em: 29 jan. 2015.
HOFFMAN, Frank. Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars. Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, 2007.
HOFFMAN, Frank. Hybrid vs. compound war. The Janus choice: Defining today’s multifaceted conflict. Armed Forces Journal, oct. 2009. Disponível em: < http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/hybrid-vs-compund -war/ >. Acesso em: 27 jan. 2016.
JASPER, Scott; MORELAND, Scott. The Islamic State is a Hybrid Threat: Why Does That Matter? Small Wars Journal, Dez. 2014.
LAUB, Zachary; MASTERS, Jonathan. The Islamic State. Council on Foreign Relations. Nova Iorque e Washington DC, 18 Mai. 2015. Disponível em: < http://www.crf.org/iraq/islamicstate/p14811 >. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2016.
LOVELUCK, Louisa. Islamic State: Where do its fighters come from? London, The Telegraph, 08 jun. 2015. Disponível em:< http://www.thetelegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11660487/Is -lamic-State-oneyearon-Where-do-its-fighters-come-from.html >. Acesso em: 15 nov. 2016.
LUND, Aron. Who Are the Soldiers of the Islamic State?. Beirut, Carnegie Middle East Center, 24 out. 2014. Disponível em:< http://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/57021 >. Acesso em: 15 nov. 2016.
NASSER, Reginaldo. O que move o Estado Islâmico? Carta na Escola. São Paulo, Ed. 92, nov. 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.cartanaescola.c o m . b r / m o b i l e / s i n g l e / 4 6 9> Acesso em: 18 fev. 2016.
SÁ, M. B. Clausewitz, Guerra Irregular e Terrorismo: Entrelaçamentos Segundo uma Abordagem Teórica. In: FIGUEIREDO, Eurico de Lima. (Org.). Sociedade – Política Estudos Estratégicos. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Luzes, 2013.
SAKAI, Keiko. ISIS and Sectarianism as a Result of a Meltdown of the Regional Orders in the Middle East. International Relations and Diplomacy, Vol. 3, Nº 4, p. 265-278, abr. 2015. Disponível em: < http://www.davidpublisher.org/Public/uploads/contribute/5559860067a3b.pdf > Acesso em: 19 jan. 2016.
SARHAN, Arme. CIA: 30,000 foreign fighters have traveled to Syria and Iraq to join ISIS. Baghdad, Iraq News, 29 set. 2016. Disponível em: < http://www.iraqnews.com/iraq-war/cia30000-foreign-fighters-traveled-syria-iraqjoinisis/ >Acesso em: 16 set. 2016.
SCAHILL, Jeremy. Jeremy Scahill on Obama´s Orwellian War in Iraq: We Created the Very Threat We Claim to be Fighting. Democracy Now. Nova Iorque, 03 out. 2014. Disponível em: < http://www.democracynow.org/2014/10/3/jeremy_scahill_on_obamas_orwellian_war >. Acesso em: 19 jan. 2016.
KIRAS, James D. Terrorism and Irregular Warfare. In: Baylis, H. N. et al. Strategy in the Contemporary World – An Introduction to Strategic Studies. 2. Ed. Oxford University Press, 2002. Cap. 9, p. 208-232.
KAROUNY, Mariam. How ISIS is Filling a Government Vacuum in Syria With a ‘Islamic State’. Nova Iorque, The World Post, 09 abr. 2014. Disponível em: < http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/04/isis-government-syria_n_5763536.html >Acesso em: 20 jan. 2016.
VISACRO, Alessandro. Guerra Irregular: Terrorismo, Guerrilha, e Movimentos de Resistência ao Longo da História. São Paulo: Contexto, 2009.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 O Cosmopolítico
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
