Esta é uma versão desatualizada publicada em 2017-06-13. Leia a versão mais recente.
CRIMINALIZING YOUTH POLITICS/A CRIMINALIZAÇÃO DAS PRÁTICAS POLÍTICAS DA JUVENTUDE/LA CRIMINALIZACIÓN DE LAS PRÁCTICAS POLÍTICAS JUVENILES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22409/rcj.v4i7.365Palavras-chave:
Cyberpolitics, Political Science, DDoS, Hacktivism, Hacktivismo, Ciberpolítica, Participação Democrática.Resumo
Abstract: The present article aims to analyze the contemporary political theories which affirm that the use of the new media - mainly the internet - for politics online would replace more traditional means of democratic participation. Its scope is understanding the political motivations of the individuals - primarily the youth - involved in these direct actions like the use of DDoS, and also its criminalization by the State, indispensable to the understanding this new form of political activism.
Resumo: O artigo procura analisar criticamente as novas teorias políticas que afirmam que o uso dos novos meios de comunicação - principalmente a internet -, quando usados para fazer política online, estariam a substituir os meios tradicionais de participação. O seu foco é entender as motivações políticas dos indivíduos - especialmente a juventude - engajados em ações diretas e também a criminalização do DDoS, imprescindível para compreender essa nova forma de ativismo.
Resumen: El artículo busca analizar críticamente las nuevas teorías políticas que afirman que la uso de nuevos medios de comunicación, principalmente Internet, cuando se utiliza para hacer la política en línea, estaría reemplazando los medios tradicionales de participación. Su enfoque es comprender las motivaciones políticas de las personas, especialmente los jóvenes, que participan en acciones directas y también la criminalización de DDoS, que es fundamental para entender esta nueva forma de activismo.
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Referências
AMOROSO, Edward. Cyber Attacks: protecting National Infrastructure. Boston:
Elsevier, 2013.
AOUDE, Ibrahim. Arab Americans and the Criminalization of Dissent. Social Analysis: The
International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice, 46, (1), p. 125-128, 2002.
ARVANITAKIS, James; MARREN, Siobhan. Putting the Politics back into Politics: Young
people and Democracy in Australia: Discussion paper. Sydney: University of Western
Sydney, 2009.
AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE, ND. High Tech Crime. Available in:
<http://www.afp.gov.au/en/policing/cybercrime/hightech-crime.aspx#distributed-denial-ofservice-
attacks>.
BAT-BLUE NETWORKS. NullCrew Hacks World Health Organization and Leaks 568 User
Credentials, 2012. Acessible in:
<https://www.facebook.com/BatBlueNetworks/posts/446104122090539>.
BAUERLEIN, Mark. The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young
Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future. New York: Penguin: 2009.
BAUMAN, Zygmunt., Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000.
BECK, Ulrich. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage, 1992.
BENNETT, W. L., WELLS, Chris., and RANK, Allison. Young citizens and civic learning:
two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age. Citizenship Studies, 13(2) p. 105-120, 2009.
BERRERDA, L., 2015 cited in “The PP Criticized the Support of the Comedian Facu Pable
Iglesiuas Diaz”. Not anything goes, ABC. Available in:
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
20 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
<https://translate.google.com.au/translate?
hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.abc.es/espana/20150110/abci-iglesias-facu-diaz-
201501091656.html&prev=search-10-January>.
BESSANT, Judith. Democracy Bytes: New Media, New Politics and Generational
Change. London: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2014.
______. Mixed Messages: Youth Participation and Democratic Practice, Australian Journal
of Political Science, 39 (2), p. 387-404, 2004.
BENKLER, Yochai. A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle Over the Soul of the
Networked Fourth Estate. Harvard. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 46, p. 311-397, 2011.
BRABAZON, Honor. Protecting Whose Security? Anti-terrorism Legislation and the
criminalization of Dissent, YCIS Working Paper 43, York University, Toronto, 2006.
COHEN, Cathy, and KAHNE, Joseph. Participatory Politics: New media and Youth political
Action, 2012. Available in:
<http://ypp.dmlcentral.net/sites/all/files/publications/YPP_Survey_Report_FULL.pdf>.
Access in: 16 dez. 2013.
COHEN, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1972.
COLEMAN, Gabriella. The ethics of digital direct action Denial-of-service attacks and
similar tactics are becoming more widely used as protest tools. Aljazeera, 2011. Available in:
<http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/08/20118308455825769.html>.
COLEMAN, Gabriella. Hacker, Hoaxer, Whitstleblower, Spy: The many faces of
Anonymous. London: Verson, 2014.
DITTRICH, D., MIRKOVIC, J., REICHER, S., et.al , Internet Denial of service attack and
Defense Mechanism. Pearson, 2005.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
21 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
DOYLE, Charles. “Cybercrime: A Sketch of 18 U.S.C. 1030 and Related Federal Criminal
Laws, Congressional Research Service,, Washington, 7-5700, 2014, www.crs.gov RS 20830.
FARDON, Zachary, 2014 cited in US Attorney’s Office, 16 June 2014. Available in:
<http://www.fbi.gov/chicago/press-releases/2014/alleged-associate-of-nullcrew-arrested-onfederal-
hacking-charge-involving-cyber-attacks-on-companies-and-universities>.
FARTHING, Rys. The politics of youthful anti-politics: Representing the “issue’ of youth
participation in politics, Journal of Youth Studies, 13 (2) p. 181-195, 2010.
FORTADO, L. Anonymous’ Hackers Convicted of Targeting PayPal, MasterCard, 2012,
Bloomberg Business. Available in: <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-12-06/-
anonymous-hackers-convicted-of-targeting-paypal-mastercard>.
FUCHS, E. Time Warner Cable Site Defaced with Gorilla Over its New Anti-Piracy Policy,
Business Insider, 2013, Available in: <http://www.businessinsider.com.au/time-warnerhacked-
by-nullcrew-2013-3>.
FUREDI, Frank. The Politics of Fear. Beyond Left and Right. London: Continuum, 2005.
GARLAND, David. Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary
Society. Chicago: The Chicago University Press, 2001.
GIDDENS, Anthony. Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the late modern
Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991.
GJELTEN, T. FBI Tries To Send Message With Hacker Arrests, National Public Radio,
2011. Acessible in: <http://www.npr.org/2011/07/20/138555799/fbi-arrests-allegedanonymous-
hackers>.
GLEICK, James. Today’s Dead End Kids. The New York Review of Books, 2014, december
18: p. 36-38.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
22 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
HENN, Matt; WEINSTEIN, Mark. Young people and political (in)activism: why don’t young
people vote?. 2006, Policy & politics, 34 (3): 517-534.
HENN, Matt; WEINSTEIN, Mark; WRING, Dominic. A generation apart? Youth and political
Participation in Britain. 2002, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 4
(2), p.167-192.
HOCKING, Jenny. Terror laws: ASIO, counter-terrorism and the threat to democracy.
Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004.
HOGG, Russel. Criminology, Crime and Politics Before and After 9/11. 2007, The
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 40 (1), p.83–105.
JENNESS, Valerie. Explaining Criminalization: From Demography and Status Politics to
Globalization and Modernization. Annual Review of Sociology, 2004, 30, p. 147-171.
KAHNE, Joseph; MIDDAUGH, Ellen; ALLEN, Danielle. Youth, New Media and the Rise of
Participatory Politics, YPP Research Network Working Paper Series, n. 1, 2014, Civic
Engagement Group.
KAPLAN, D. WikiLeaks undergoing massive denial-of-service attack, Secure Computing
monthly magazine, 2012. Available in: <http://www.scmagazine.com/wikileaks-undergoingmassive-
denial-of-service-attack/article/254267>.
LEIDERMAN, J. Justice for the PayPal WikiLeaks protesters: why DDoS is free speech. The
Guardian, 23, jan. 2013. Available in:
<http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/22/paypal-wikileaks-protesters-ddosfree-
speech>.
MANNING, Nathan. Young people and politics: apathetic and disengaged? A qualitative
inquiry. Koln: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
23 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
MARTIN, Aaron. Political Participation among the Young in Australia: Testing Dalton’s Good
Citizen Thesis. Australian Journal of Political Science, 42, p. 211-26, 2012.
MATZA, David. Becoming Deviant, Prentice Hall, Edgewood Cliff, 1969.
MAYER, Karl Ulrich. The sociology of the life course and life span psychology: Diverging or
converging pathways? In U. Staudinger, M. and U. Lindenberger (Eds.). Understanding
human development: Dialogues with lifespan psychology, p. 463-481. London: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2003.
MCCAFFRIE, Brendan; MARSH, David. “Beyond mainstream approaches to political
participation: A response to Aaron Martin. Australian Journal of Political Science, v. 48,
n.1, p. 112–117, 2013.
MIRANEAU, Manuel. The Criminalization of Environmental Activism’, Studia
Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, 2, p. 87-103, 2014.
MOSES, A., and GARDINER, S. LulzSec hack into Murdoch’s British websites. Sydney
Morning Herald, 19 jul. 2011. Available in: <www.smh.com.au/technology/technologynews/
lulzsec-hack-into-murdochs-british-websites-20110719-1hm6r.html>.
MOUFFE, Chantal. On the Political. London: Routledge, 2005.
MUNCIE, John. Decriminalising Criminology, Proceedings. Volume 3. Papers from the
British Society of Criminology Conference, Liverpool, 1999. Editors: George Mair and
Roger Tarling. Acessible in: <http://britsoccrim.org/volume3/010.pdf>.
NBC NEWS. The Snowden Files: British Intelligence Agency describes attack on
Anonymous. Available in:
<http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/snowden_anonymous_nbc_document.pd
f>. NullCrew. 2013, @NullCrew_FTS twitter. Available in:
<https://twitter.com/NullCrew_FTS/status/309172610204315648>.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
24 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
O’TOOLE, Therese. Engaging Young Peoples Conceptions of the Political. Children’s
Geographies, v. 1, 1, p. 71-90, 2003.
POYNTING, Scott; WHITE, Robert. Youth Work: Challenging the Soft Cop syndrome.
Youth Studies Australia, 2004, 23 (4): 39-46.
RANCIÈRE, Jacques. Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics. New York: Continuum, 2010.
REYES, Yanira. Law, media and political dissent: The case of the FALN, E-Ph.D, Purdue
University, 2002. Available in: <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3105012/>.
SACHS, Joe. Plato: Republic. Newburyport: Focus Publishing, 2007.
SALTER, Colin. Activism as Terrorism: The Green Scare, Radical Environmentalism and
Governmentality. Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies, Ten Years After 9/11. An
Anarchist Evaluation, p. 211-238, 2011.
SAUTER, Molly. The Coming Swarm: DDOS Actions, Hacktivism, and Civil Disobedience
on the Internet. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
SCHMITT, Carl. The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.
Tradução: Kennedy, E.
SCHONE, M.; ESPOSITO, R.; COLE, M.; GREENWALD, G., nd.. Exclusive: Snowden
Docs Show UK Spies Attacked Anonymous, Hackers. Available in:
<http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/edward-snowden-interview/exclusive-snowden-docsshow-
uk-spies-attacked-anonymous-hackers-n21361>.
SKRIMSHIRE, S. Demoralising Britain: ten years of Depoliticisation, in Scott, D., Graham,
J., and Baker, S., (eds), Remoralising Britain? Social ethical and Theological perspectives
on New Labour. Continuum, London. p. 38-57, 2009.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
25 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
SLOBBE, J., and VERBERKT, S. Hacktivists: Cyberterrorists or Online Activists? An
Exploration of the Digital Right to Assembly, 2012, v.org/pdf/1208.4568.pdf
Softpedia. “Nullcrew Hacks South African ISP Directory, 450 Accounts Leaked’. Acessible
in: <http://news.softpedia.com/news/NullCrew-Hacks-South-African-ISP-Directory-450-
Account-Details-Leaked-281630.shtml>.
SUNSTEIN, Cass; and VERMEULE, Adrian. Conspiracy Theories. Harvard University Law
School, Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Series, 2008. Acessible in:
<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1084585>.
TWENGE, Jean. The Narcissism Epidemic. Free Press: 2009.
VROMEN, Ariadne; COLLIN, Phillipa. Everyday youth participation? Contrasting views
from Australian policymakers and young people. Young, 18 (1): p. 97-112, 2010.
WEINSTEIN, Emily. The Personal Is Political on Social Media: Online Civic Expression
Patterns and Pathways Among Civically Engaged Youth. International Journal of
Communication, p. 210–233, 2014.
XENOS, Michael; VROMEN, Ariadne; & LOADER Brian. The great equalizer? Patterns of
social media use and youth political engagement in three advanced democracies.
Information, Communication & Society, 17 (2) p. 151-67, 2014.
Elsevier, 2013.
AOUDE, Ibrahim. Arab Americans and the Criminalization of Dissent. Social Analysis: The
International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice, 46, (1), p. 125-128, 2002.
ARVANITAKIS, James; MARREN, Siobhan. Putting the Politics back into Politics: Young
people and Democracy in Australia: Discussion paper. Sydney: University of Western
Sydney, 2009.
AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL POLICE, ND. High Tech Crime. Available in:
<http://www.afp.gov.au/en/policing/cybercrime/hightech-crime.aspx#distributed-denial-ofservice-
attacks>.
BAT-BLUE NETWORKS. NullCrew Hacks World Health Organization and Leaks 568 User
Credentials, 2012. Acessible in:
<https://www.facebook.com/BatBlueNetworks/posts/446104122090539>.
BAUERLEIN, Mark. The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young
Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future. New York: Penguin: 2009.
BAUMAN, Zygmunt., Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000.
BECK, Ulrich. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage, 1992.
BENNETT, W. L., WELLS, Chris., and RANK, Allison. Young citizens and civic learning:
two paradigms of citizenship in the digital age. Citizenship Studies, 13(2) p. 105-120, 2009.
BERRERDA, L., 2015 cited in “The PP Criticized the Support of the Comedian Facu Pable
Iglesiuas Diaz”. Not anything goes, ABC. Available in:
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
20 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
<https://translate.google.com.au/translate?
hl=en&sl=es&u=http://www.abc.es/espana/20150110/abci-iglesias-facu-diaz-
201501091656.html&prev=search-10-January>.
BESSANT, Judith. Democracy Bytes: New Media, New Politics and Generational
Change. London: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2014.
______. Mixed Messages: Youth Participation and Democratic Practice, Australian Journal
of Political Science, 39 (2), p. 387-404, 2004.
BENKLER, Yochai. A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle Over the Soul of the
Networked Fourth Estate. Harvard. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 46, p. 311-397, 2011.
BRABAZON, Honor. Protecting Whose Security? Anti-terrorism Legislation and the
criminalization of Dissent, YCIS Working Paper 43, York University, Toronto, 2006.
COHEN, Cathy, and KAHNE, Joseph. Participatory Politics: New media and Youth political
Action, 2012. Available in:
<http://ypp.dmlcentral.net/sites/all/files/publications/YPP_Survey_Report_FULL.pdf>.
Access in: 16 dez. 2013.
COHEN, Stanley. Folk Devils and Moral Panics. London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1972.
COLEMAN, Gabriella. The ethics of digital direct action Denial-of-service attacks and
similar tactics are becoming more widely used as protest tools. Aljazeera, 2011. Available in:
<http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/08/20118308455825769.html>.
COLEMAN, Gabriella. Hacker, Hoaxer, Whitstleblower, Spy: The many faces of
Anonymous. London: Verson, 2014.
DITTRICH, D., MIRKOVIC, J., REICHER, S., et.al , Internet Denial of service attack and
Defense Mechanism. Pearson, 2005.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
21 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
DOYLE, Charles. “Cybercrime: A Sketch of 18 U.S.C. 1030 and Related Federal Criminal
Laws, Congressional Research Service,, Washington, 7-5700, 2014, www.crs.gov RS 20830.
FARDON, Zachary, 2014 cited in US Attorney’s Office, 16 June 2014. Available in:
<http://www.fbi.gov/chicago/press-releases/2014/alleged-associate-of-nullcrew-arrested-onfederal-
hacking-charge-involving-cyber-attacks-on-companies-and-universities>.
FARTHING, Rys. The politics of youthful anti-politics: Representing the “issue’ of youth
participation in politics, Journal of Youth Studies, 13 (2) p. 181-195, 2010.
FORTADO, L. Anonymous’ Hackers Convicted of Targeting PayPal, MasterCard, 2012,
Bloomberg Business. Available in: <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-12-06/-
anonymous-hackers-convicted-of-targeting-paypal-mastercard>.
FUCHS, E. Time Warner Cable Site Defaced with Gorilla Over its New Anti-Piracy Policy,
Business Insider, 2013, Available in: <http://www.businessinsider.com.au/time-warnerhacked-
by-nullcrew-2013-3>.
FUREDI, Frank. The Politics of Fear. Beyond Left and Right. London: Continuum, 2005.
GARLAND, David. Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary
Society. Chicago: The Chicago University Press, 2001.
GIDDENS, Anthony. Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the late modern
Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991.
GJELTEN, T. FBI Tries To Send Message With Hacker Arrests, National Public Radio,
2011. Acessible in: <http://www.npr.org/2011/07/20/138555799/fbi-arrests-allegedanonymous-
hackers>.
GLEICK, James. Today’s Dead End Kids. The New York Review of Books, 2014, december
18: p. 36-38.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
22 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
HENN, Matt; WEINSTEIN, Mark. Young people and political (in)activism: why don’t young
people vote?. 2006, Policy & politics, 34 (3): 517-534.
HENN, Matt; WEINSTEIN, Mark; WRING, Dominic. A generation apart? Youth and political
Participation in Britain. 2002, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 4
(2), p.167-192.
HOCKING, Jenny. Terror laws: ASIO, counter-terrorism and the threat to democracy.
Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004.
HOGG, Russel. Criminology, Crime and Politics Before and After 9/11. 2007, The
Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 40 (1), p.83–105.
JENNESS, Valerie. Explaining Criminalization: From Demography and Status Politics to
Globalization and Modernization. Annual Review of Sociology, 2004, 30, p. 147-171.
KAHNE, Joseph; MIDDAUGH, Ellen; ALLEN, Danielle. Youth, New Media and the Rise of
Participatory Politics, YPP Research Network Working Paper Series, n. 1, 2014, Civic
Engagement Group.
KAPLAN, D. WikiLeaks undergoing massive denial-of-service attack, Secure Computing
monthly magazine, 2012. Available in: <http://www.scmagazine.com/wikileaks-undergoingmassive-
denial-of-service-attack/article/254267>.
LEIDERMAN, J. Justice for the PayPal WikiLeaks protesters: why DDoS is free speech. The
Guardian, 23, jan. 2013. Available in:
<http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/22/paypal-wikileaks-protesters-ddosfree-
speech>.
MANNING, Nathan. Young people and politics: apathetic and disengaged? A qualitative
inquiry. Koln: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
23 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
MARTIN, Aaron. Political Participation among the Young in Australia: Testing Dalton’s Good
Citizen Thesis. Australian Journal of Political Science, 42, p. 211-26, 2012.
MATZA, David. Becoming Deviant, Prentice Hall, Edgewood Cliff, 1969.
MAYER, Karl Ulrich. The sociology of the life course and life span psychology: Diverging or
converging pathways? In U. Staudinger, M. and U. Lindenberger (Eds.). Understanding
human development: Dialogues with lifespan psychology, p. 463-481. London: Kluwer
Academic Publishers, 2003.
MCCAFFRIE, Brendan; MARSH, David. “Beyond mainstream approaches to political
participation: A response to Aaron Martin. Australian Journal of Political Science, v. 48,
n.1, p. 112–117, 2013.
MIRANEAU, Manuel. The Criminalization of Environmental Activism’, Studia
Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, 2, p. 87-103, 2014.
MOSES, A., and GARDINER, S. LulzSec hack into Murdoch’s British websites. Sydney
Morning Herald, 19 jul. 2011. Available in: <www.smh.com.au/technology/technologynews/
lulzsec-hack-into-murdochs-british-websites-20110719-1hm6r.html>.
MOUFFE, Chantal. On the Political. London: Routledge, 2005.
MUNCIE, John. Decriminalising Criminology, Proceedings. Volume 3. Papers from the
British Society of Criminology Conference, Liverpool, 1999. Editors: George Mair and
Roger Tarling. Acessible in: <http://britsoccrim.org/volume3/010.pdf>.
NBC NEWS. The Snowden Files: British Intelligence Agency describes attack on
Anonymous. Available in:
<http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/snowden_anonymous_nbc_document.pd
f>. NullCrew. 2013, @NullCrew_FTS twitter. Available in:
<https://twitter.com/NullCrew_FTS/status/309172610204315648>.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
24 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
O’TOOLE, Therese. Engaging Young Peoples Conceptions of the Political. Children’s
Geographies, v. 1, 1, p. 71-90, 2003.
POYNTING, Scott; WHITE, Robert. Youth Work: Challenging the Soft Cop syndrome.
Youth Studies Australia, 2004, 23 (4): 39-46.
RANCIÈRE, Jacques. Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics. New York: Continuum, 2010.
REYES, Yanira. Law, media and political dissent: The case of the FALN, E-Ph.D, Purdue
University, 2002. Available in: <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3105012/>.
SACHS, Joe. Plato: Republic. Newburyport: Focus Publishing, 2007.
SALTER, Colin. Activism as Terrorism: The Green Scare, Radical Environmentalism and
Governmentality. Anarchist Developments in Cultural Studies, Ten Years After 9/11. An
Anarchist Evaluation, p. 211-238, 2011.
SAUTER, Molly. The Coming Swarm: DDOS Actions, Hacktivism, and Civil Disobedience
on the Internet. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
SCHMITT, Carl. The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.
Tradução: Kennedy, E.
SCHONE, M.; ESPOSITO, R.; COLE, M.; GREENWALD, G., nd.. Exclusive: Snowden
Docs Show UK Spies Attacked Anonymous, Hackers. Available in:
<http://www.nbcnews.com/feature/edward-snowden-interview/exclusive-snowden-docsshow-
uk-spies-attacked-anonymous-hackers-n21361>.
SKRIMSHIRE, S. Demoralising Britain: ten years of Depoliticisation, in Scott, D., Graham,
J., and Baker, S., (eds), Remoralising Britain? Social ethical and Theological perspectives
on New Labour. Continuum, London. p. 38-57, 2009.
www.culturasjuridicas.uff.br
25 Revista Culturas Jurídicas/Legal Cultures Journal, Vol. 4, Núm. 7, 2017, January/April.
SLOBBE, J., and VERBERKT, S. Hacktivists: Cyberterrorists or Online Activists? An
Exploration of the Digital Right to Assembly, 2012, v.org/pdf/1208.4568.pdf
Softpedia. “Nullcrew Hacks South African ISP Directory, 450 Accounts Leaked’. Acessible
in: <http://news.softpedia.com/news/NullCrew-Hacks-South-African-ISP-Directory-450-
Account-Details-Leaked-281630.shtml>.
SUNSTEIN, Cass; and VERMEULE, Adrian. Conspiracy Theories. Harvard University Law
School, Public Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Series, 2008. Acessible in:
<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1084585>.
TWENGE, Jean. The Narcissism Epidemic. Free Press: 2009.
VROMEN, Ariadne; COLLIN, Phillipa. Everyday youth participation? Contrasting views
from Australian policymakers and young people. Young, 18 (1): p. 97-112, 2010.
WEINSTEIN, Emily. The Personal Is Political on Social Media: Online Civic Expression
Patterns and Pathways Among Civically Engaged Youth. International Journal of
Communication, p. 210–233, 2014.
XENOS, Michael; VROMEN, Ariadne; & LOADER Brian. The great equalizer? Patterns of
social media use and youth political engagement in three advanced democracies.
Information, Communication & Society, 17 (2) p. 151-67, 2014.
