THE CHINESE PRESENCE IN LATIN AMERICA:
HEGEMONIC CHALLENGE TO THE UNITED STATES OR PRAGMATIC APPROACHMENT?
Keywords:
China, United States, Latin America, Hegemonic ChallengeAbstract
Since the early 2000s, China has been increasingly present in Latin American countries, especially in economic terms. Besides having become a factor of concern to the United States, such phenomenon has been figuring as a subject of discussion within the academic community, which, inter alia, raised the question of whether the increase in Sino-Latin American relations may represent a threat to U.S.’ hegemony in the region. In light of this, this article seeks to analyze to what extent China’s growing engagement in Latin America can be interpreted as a hegemonic challenge to the United States, based on the premise that the hegemony concept is intrinsically connected to military relations. The conclusion is that, although Chinese military engagement in the region has evolved in recent years, it is still quite modest, and it is not possible – at least for the time being – to identify a threat to the United States hegemony in Latin America.
Downloads
References
ALLEN, K.; SAUNDERS, P. C.; CHEN, J. Chinese Military Diplomacy, 2003-2016: Trends and Implications. Washington, D.C.: Institute for National Strategic Studies, 2017. Disponível em: https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/Article/1249864/chinese-military-diplomacy-20032016-trends-and-implications/. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2023.
ALLISON, Graham. Destined for War: Can America and China Escape the Thucydides’ Trap. New York-NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017.
ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY. The Atlas of Economic Complexity. 2021. Disponível em: https://atlas.cid.harvard.edu/. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
BEIJING. “Cable: A/S Shannon meets with VFM Yang Jiechi on Latin America.” Destinatário: CIA e outros. 12h19pm. 14 abr. 2006. Wikileaks - Public Library of US Diplomacy. Disponível em: https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06BEIJING7116_a.html. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
BRASÍLIA. “Cable: Brazil: Ambassador's meetings with MRE under secretaries for political affairs .” Destinatário: Bolivia La Paz e outros. 22h39pm. 19 fev. 2010. Wikileaks - Public Library of US Diplomacy. Disponível em: https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10BRASILIA59_a.html. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
BUZAN, B. China in international society: Is “peaceful rise” possible? Chinese Journal of International Politics, v. 3, n. 1, p. 5–36, 2010. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/cjip/article-abstract/3/1/5/582228?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2023.
CAMPBELL, J. H. et al. U.S. Resourcing to National Security Interests in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Context of Adversary Activities in the Region. Santa Mônica: Rand Corporation, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA847-1.html. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2023.
CHAN, S.; HU, W.; HE, K. Discerning states’ revisionist and status-quo orientations: Comparing China and the US. European Journal of International Relations, v. 25, n. 2, p. 1–28, 2018. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1354066118804622. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2023.
COMISSÃO ECONÔMICA PARA A AMÉRICA LATINA E O CARIBE – CEPAL. Total Annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices in dollars. 12 dez. 2022. Disponível em: https://statistics.cepal.org/portal/cepalstat/dashboard.html?theme=2&lang=en. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
DEVLIN, R. China’s Economic Rise. In: ROETT, R.; PAZ, G. China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 111-147.
ELLIS, E. The United States, Latin America and China: A “Triangular Relationship”? 2012. Disponível em: https://www.observatorioasiapacifico.org/images/publicaciones/20131219043041TheUnitedStatesLatinAmericaandChina.ATriangularRelationship.pdf. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2023.
ELLIS, E. China on the Ground in Latin America: Challenges for the Chinese and Impacts on the Region. Nova Iorque: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014.
FENG, H.; HE, K. China’s Institutional Challenges to the International Order. Strategic Studies Quarterly, v. 11, n. 4, p. 23–49, 2017. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26271633. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2023.
IKENBERRY, G. J. The end of liberal international order?. International Affairs, v. 94, n. 1, p. 7–23, 2018. Disponível em: https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/94/1/7/4762691. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
IKENBERRY, G. J. The Rise of China and the Future of the West: Can the Liberal System Survive?. Foreign Affairs, v. 87, n. 1, p. 23–37, 2008. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20020265. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2023.
INSTITUTE FOR NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES – INSS. PLA Diplomacy Database. 18 jul. 2017. Disponível em: https://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/china/PLA-diplomacy-database.xlsx?ver=2017-07-18-133407-147. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
JIANG, S. The Chinese Foreign Policy Perspective. In: ROETT, R.; PAZ, G. China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 27-43.
KOLESKI, K.; BLIVAS, A. China’s Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, D.C.: U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China%27s%20Engagement%20with%20Latin%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean_.pdf. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
LEÓN-MANRÍQUEZ, J.; ALVAREZ, L. F. Mao’s steps in Monroe’s backyard: towards a United States-China hegemonic struggle in Latin America? Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, v. 57, p. 9–27, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/rbpi/a/rcQCRLTfKhxQhws5n9SJBrK/?lang=en. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2023.
MAGNOTTA, F. P. A política dos Estados Unidos para a China na América Latina no início do século XXI: acomodação versus confrontação. 2019. Tese de doutorado - Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) e Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), São Paulo, 2019. Disponível em: https://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/183594. Acesso em: 17 abr. 2023.
MEARSHEIMER, J. J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. Nova Iorque: Norton, 2001.
MILANI, L. P. U.S. Hegemony in Latin America during an Age of Challenges: The Perception of Threats by the U.S Southern Command. Latin American Perspectives, v. 0, n. 0, p. 1–17, 2022. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0094582X221140418. Acesso em: 17 abr. 2023.
NOLTE, D. The Dragon in the Backyard: US Visions of China’s Relations toward Latin America. Pap. Polít. Bogotá (Colombia), v. 18, n. 2, p. 587–598, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?pid=S0122-44092013000200007&script=sci_arttext. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2023.
PAZ, G. S. China, United States and Hegemonic Challenge in Latin America: An Overview and Some Lessons from Previous Instances of Hegemonic Challenge in the Region. China Quarterly, n. 209, p. 18–34, 2012. Disponível em: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/china-quarterly/article/abs/china-united-states-and-hegemonic-challenge-in-latin-america-an-overview-and-some-lessons-from-previous-instances-of-hegemonic-challenge-in-the-region/29849A6D5022DFB9C8B021FED71A420E. Acesso em: 17 abr. 2023.
PAZ, G. S. Rising China’s “Offensive” in Latin America and the U.S. Reaction. Asian Perspective, v. 30, n. 4, p. 95–112, 2006. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/42704566. Acesso em: 19 abr. 2023.
PIRES, M. C.; NASCIMENTO, L. G. The Monroe Doctrine 2.0 and U.S.-China-Latin America Trilateral Relations. International Organisations Research Journal, v. 15, n. 3, p. 1–21, 2020. Disponível em: https://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/205797. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
ROETT, R.; PAZ, G. Introduction: Assessing the Implications of China’s Growing Presence in the Western Hemisphere. In: ROETT, R.; PAZ, G. China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 1-26.
SCHENONI, L. L. Hegemony. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, 2019. Disponível em: https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-509;jsessionid=DFA5DCD708A86F33493963C401199E77. Acesso em: 17 mai., 2023.
STALLINGS, B. The U.S.–China–Latin America Triangle: Implications for the Future. In: ROETT, R.; PAZ, G. China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 239-260.
STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE – SIPRI. SIPRI Arms Transfers Database. 14 mar. 2022. Disponível em: https://sipri.org/databases/armstransfers. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2023.
SULLIVAN, M. P.; LUM, T. China’s Engagement with Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Resarch Service, 2022. Disponível em: https://crsreports.congress.gov. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2023.
TOJE, A. Will China’s Rise Be Peaceful? Security, Stability and Legitimacy. Nova Iorque: Oxford University Press, 2018.
TOKATLIAN, J. G. Latin America, China, and the United States: a hopeful triangle. Open Democracy. Fev. 2007. Disponível em: https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/hopeful_triangle_4336jsp/. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2023.
TOKATLIAN, J. G. A View from Latin America. In: ROETT, R.; PAZ, G. China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 59-89.
WINTGENS, S. China’s Footprint in Latin America: Recent developments and challenges ahead. Paris: European Union Institute for Security Studies, 2022.
XIANG, L. An Alternative Chinese View. In: ROETT, R.; PAZ, G. China’s Expansion into the Western Hemisphere: Implications for Latin America and the United States. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008, p. 44-58.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Rafaela Elmir Fioreze
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
1. PROPOSTA DE POLÍTICA PARA PERIÓDICOS DE ACESSO LIVRE
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
a. Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Attribution - Share Alike 4.0 que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
b. Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
c. Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
