An analysis of witness protection to victims of sexual offence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202517102Palavras-chave:
sexual offence, witness protection, victim, fair trial, State responsibilityResumo
Sexual Offences are often committed in secluded places. So, in such cases only the victim who is the eye witness plays a pivotal role. The victims of rape are threatened for life or influenced to wangle inanimate justice. This violates the principle of fair trial which is most basic principle in criminal law. Thus, in order to uphold the fair trial, it is necessary to provide witness protection to victims of sexual offence. This paper will deal with the idea of witness protection to victims of sexual offence in order to uphold the principle of fair trial. It will focus upon the legislative aspects of witness protection in cases of offence of rape and sexual harassment and it will also focus upon the judicial perspective for witness protection. It will analyse various case laws where Supreme Court has given elaborate guidelines for witness protection. This paper also focuses upon justifying principle of natural justice in cases of sexual offences by providing witness protection.
Downloads
Referências
CANADA. Minister of Justice. Witness Protection Program Act (S.C. 1996, c. 15). 1996. Available at: https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/w-11.2/. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
CASSIM, Fawzia. The rights of child witnesses versus the accused’s right to confrontation: a comparative perspective. The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, v. 36, n. 1, p. 65-82, 2003. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23252224.
DAVIS, Tracy C. The Witness Security Program: Becoming Imperceptible in the Relocation Matrix. TDR, v. 59, n. 2, p. 74-91, 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24585009.
DOYLE, James M. Learning From Error In American Criminal Justice. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, v. 100, n. 1, p. 109-148, 2010. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20753686.
FYFE, Nicholas R.; HEATHER McKay. Witness intimidation, forced migration and resettlement: a British case study. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, v. 25, n. 1, p. 77-90, 2000. http://www.jstor.org/stable/623319. Access on: Nov. 27, 2024.
GANGOLI, Geetanjali. Controlling women’s sexuality: rape law in India. In: GANGOLI, Geetanjali; WESTMARLAND, Nicole. (ed.). International approaches to rape. Bristol, UK: Policy Press, 2011. p. 101-120. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgkd6.9.
HUGHES, Graham. Consent in sexual offences, The Modern Law Review, v. 25, n. 6, p. 672-686, 1962. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1092415
INDIA. The Governor-General in Council. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872: last updated:-13-3-2020. Mar. 15, 1872. Available at: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15351/1/iea_1872.pdf. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Parliament. Criminal Procedure Code, 1973. 1973. Available at: https://bit.ly/4b3OZXP. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Supreme Court. Bharwada Bhoginbhai Hirjibhai vs State Of Gujarat on 24 May, 1983. 1983. Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/207774/. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Parliament. Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987. Sept 3, 1987. Available at: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/15340/1/terrorist_and_disruptive.pdf. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Supreme Court. Kartar Singh vs State of Punjab on 11 March, 1994. 1994. Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1813801/. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Supreme Court. Sakshi vs Union Of India (Uoi) And Ors. on 9 August, 1999. 1999. Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1086919/. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Parliament. Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002. 2002. Available at: https://bit.ly/412ebua. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Delhi High Court. Neelam Katara Petitioner vs. Union of India & Ors. S. Oct. 14, 2003. Available at: https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/56e0ee2f607dba38965ec479. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Parliament. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, 2004. Dec. 29, 2004. Available at: https://bit.ly/4jNtgqM. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Supreme Court. Zahira Habibullah Sheikh & Anr vs State Of Gujarat & Ors on 8 March, 2006. 2006. Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1067991/. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Ministry of Home Affairs. National Investigation Agency Act, 2008. Dec. 31, 2008. Available at: https://bit.ly/3CDszQ8. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
INDIA. Supreme Court. National Human Rights Commission vs State Of Gujarat & Ors on 1 May, 2009. 2009. Available at: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/168922/. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
SHARAN, P. Constitution of India and judicial review. The Indian Journal of Political Science, v. 39, n. 4, p. 526-537, 1978. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41854873.
SHELEY, Erin. A broken windows theory of sexual assault enforcement. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, v. 108, n. 3, p. 455–510, 2018. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48572873
UNITED KINGDOM. Official Secrets Act 1920 (repealed). 1920. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/10-11/75/contents. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
UNITED KINGDOM. Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999. 1999. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/23/contents. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
UNITED KINGDOM. Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. 2005. Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/15/contents. Access on: Sept. 30, 2024.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME. UNDCP Model Witness Protection Bill 2000. Vienna: UNDCP, 2000. Available at: https://www.unodc.org/pdf/lap_witness-protection_2000.pdf. Access on: Sept 30, 2024.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Congress. Organized Crime Control Act of 1970. 1970. Available at: https://bit.ly/3Q9S3aZ. Access on: Sept 30, 2024.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Congress. Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. 1984. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/senate-bill/1762. Access on: Sept 30, 2024.
WAGONER, David. Witness protection, The American Poetry Review, v. 32, n. 1, p. 44 [1 page], 2003. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20682115
WALLAS, Graham. Jeremy Bentham. Political Science Quarterly, v. 38, n. 1, p. 45-56, 1923. https://doi.org/10.2307/2142538
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Passagens: Revista Internacional de História Política e Cultura Jurídica
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Solicita-se enviar, em anexo, um termo de transferência de direitos autorais, contendo assinatura do(a)s autor(a)s, conforme o modelo abaixo:
Este trabalho está licenciado com uma Licença licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0 Internacional.
