Transtornos de ansiedade em mulheres
a carga biopsicossocial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22409/nes.v2i1.66481Palavras-chave:
Transtornos de ansiedade, Estresse, Mulheres, Desigualdade de gênero, Intervenções terapêuticasResumo
A prevalência dos transtornos de ansiedade (TAs) é aproximadamente duas vezes maior em mulheres, mas estudos sobre essa população ainda são escassos. Fatores biológicos e ambientais contribuem para essa disparidade, incluindo flutuações hormonais que podem precipitar, agravar ou atenuar sintomas ansiosos. A puberdade eleva as taxas de ansiedade, e cerca de 80% das mulheres experienciam ao menos um sintoma físico ou afetivo na fase lútea, enquanto 5-8% apresentam transtorno disfórico pré-menstrual. Na menopausa, a vulnerabilidade aos TAs triplica, acompanhada de maior resistência a tratamentos farmacológicos. A lactação atenua respostas ao estresse, mas 8-12% das mulheres desenvolvem TAs no pós-parto, e 20% podem apresentar depressão pós-parto (DPP), cujo pior desfecho é o suicídio—principal causa de morte materna. Além dos fatores hormonais, o estresse é um determinante central, exacerbado pela carga mental da administração doméstica e pelo trabalho remunerado. O retorno ao mercado de trabalho aumenta o risco de TAs em mães, mas não em pais. Disparidades salariais e limitações na ascensão profissional persistem, refletindo desigualdades estruturais que impactam a saúde mental feminina. Os tratamentos incluem inibidores seletivos da recaptação de serotonina (ISRS), mais eficazes em mulheres devido aos efeitos do estrogênio. Intervenções não farmacológicas, como mindfulness e exercício físico, também demonstram resultados significativos. Estudos adicionais são essenciais para aprofundar a compreensão da fisiopatologia, etiologia e abordagens terapêuticas dos TAs em mulheres.
Referências
AGUILAR-RAAB, C. et al. Effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on mindfulness, stress, salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol in everyday life. Psychophysiology, [s.l.], v. 58, nº 12, p. e13937, 2021. DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13937.
AHLQVIST‐BJÖRKROTH, S. et al. Mothers’ and fathers’ prenatal representations in relation to marital distress and depressive symptoms. Infant Mental Health Journal, [s.l.], v. 37, no 4, p. 388–400, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21578.
ASSOCIATION, A.P., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision. Fifth Edition ed. 2022, Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing.
ARRIAGA-AVILA, V. et al. Lactation Reduces Stress-Caused Dopaminergic Activity and Enhances GABAergic Activity in the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience, [s.l.], v. 52, no 4, p. 515–524, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s12031-013-0104-7.
ATZORI, M. et al. Locus Ceruleus Norepinephrine Release: A Central Regulator of CNS Spatio-Temporal Activation? Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience, [s.l.], v. 8, 2016. DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00025.
AVIV, E. et al. Cognitive household labor: gender disparities and consequences for maternal mental health and wellbeing. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 28, no 1, p. 5–14, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01490-w.
AYLETT, E.; SMALL, N.; BOWER, P. Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice – a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Services Research, [s.l.], v. 18, no 1, p. 559, 2018. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3313-5.
BABYAK, M. et al. Exercise Treatment for Major Depression: Maintenance of Therapeutic Benefit at 10 Months. Psychosomatic Medicine, [s.l.], v. 62, no 5, p. 633–638, 2000. DOI: 10.1097/00006842-200009000-00006.
BANDELOW, B.; MICHAELIS, S.; WEDEKIND, D. Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, [s.l.], v. 19, no 2, p. 93–107, 2017. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/bbandelow.
BELLEVILLE, G. et al. Sequential Treatment of Comorbid Insomnia and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, [s.l.], v. 72, no 9, p. 880–896, 2016. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22300.
BERLANGA, C.; FLORES-RAMOS M. Different gender response to serotonergic and noradrenergic antidepressants. A comparative study of the efficacy of citalopram and reboxetine. Journal of Affective Disorders, [s.l.], v. 95, nº 1, p.119-123, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.04.029.
BHATIA, N.; BHATIA, S. Changes in Gender Stereotypes Over Time: A Computational Analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, [s.l.], v. 45, no 1, p. 106–125, 2021. DOI: 10.1177/0361684320977178.
BIGOS, K. L. et al. Sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antidepressants: an updated review. Gender Medicine, [s.l.], v. 6, nº 4, p. 522-543, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2009.12.004
BOBO, W. V. et al. Association of Depression and Anxiety With the Accumulation of Chronic Conditions. JAMA Network Open, [s.l.], v. 5, no 5, p. e229817, 2022. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.9817.
BRASIL. Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. Empregabilidade das mulheres no mercado de trabalho cresce no mundo. Disponível em: <https://www.gov.br/trabalho-e-emprego/pt-br/noticias-e-conteudo/2024/Julho/empregabilidade-das-mulheres-no-mercado-de-trabalho-cresce-no-mundo>. Acesso em: 26/12/2024
BRASIL. [Constituição (1988)]. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília, DF: Senado Federal, 2016. 496 p. Disponível em: <https://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/bitstream/handle/id/518231/CF88_Livro_EC91_2016.pdf>. Acesso em: 26/12/2024
CALLAGHAN, B. L.; PAWLUSKI, J. L. Cognition and motherhood: a key to understanding perinatal mental health? Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 28, no 1, p. 1–3, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01545-y.
CARMINATI, M. et al. The impact of menopause on antidepressant response: an explorative analysis from a real-world study. Archives of Women's Mental Health. [s.l.], v. 27, nº 5, p. 851-854, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01465-x.
CHENG, B. et al. Altered functional connectivity density and couplings in postpartum depression with and without anxiety. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, [s.l.], v. 17, no 8, p. 756–766, 2022. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab127.
CYRANOWSKI, J. M. et al. Psychosocial features associated with lifetime comorbidity of major depression and anxiety disorders among a community sample of mid-life women: the swan mental health study. Depression and Anxiety, [s.l.], v. 29, no 12, p. 1050–1057, 2012. DOI: 10.1002/da.21990.
DALLA, C. et al. Sex differences in animal models of depression and antidepressant response. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, [s.l.], v. 106, nº 3, p. 226-233, 2010. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00516.x.
DAMINGER, A. The Cognitive Dimension of Household Labor. American Sociological Review, [s.l.], v. 84, no 4, p. 609–633, 2019. DOI: 10.1177/0003122419859007.
DEL RÍO, J. P. et al. Steroid Hormones and Their Action in Women's Brains: The Importance of Hormonal Balance. Frontiers in Public Health, [s.l.], v. 23, nº 6, p. e141, 2018. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00141
DICKENS, M. J.; PAWLUSKI, J. L. The HPA Axis During the Perinatal Period: Implications for Perinatal Depression. Endocrinology, [s.l.], v. 159, no 11, p. 3737–3746, 2018. DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00677.
DONATELLA, M. et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodinamics of psychotropic drugs: effect of sex. CNS Spectrums, [s.l.] v. 18, nº 3, p. 118–127, 2013. DOI: 10.1017/S1092852912001010
EAPEN, V. et al. Separation Anxiety, Attachment and Inter-Personal Representations: Disentangling the Role of Oxytocin in the Perinatal Period. PLoS ONE, [s.l.], v. 9, no 9, p. e107745, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107745.
ERVIN, J. et al. Gender differences in the association between unpaid labour and mental health in employed adults: a systematic review. The Lancet Public Health, [s.l.], v. 7, no 9, p. e775–e786, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00160-8.
FARHANE-MEDINA, N. Z. et al. Factors associated with gender and sex differences in anxiety prevalence and comorbidity: A systematic review. Science Progress, [s.l.], v. 105, no 4, 2022. DOI: 10.1177/00368504221135469.
FERGUSON, L. J. et al. Exploring Self-Compassion and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Young Women Athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, [s.l.], v. 36, no 2, p. 203–216, 2014. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2013-0096.
FERRARI, A. J. et al. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systema. The Lancet, [s.l.], v. 403, no 10440, p. 2133–2161, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00757-8.
FRANZOI, I. G. et al. Returning to work after maternity leave: a systematic literature review. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 27, no 5, p. 737–749, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01464-y.
FUJINO, M. Open monitoring meditation reduces the involvement of brain regions related to memory function. Scientific Reports, [s.l.] v. 8, nº 1, p. e9968, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28274-4
FUNG, A. W. T. et al. Anxiety symptoms predicted decline in episodic memory in cognitively healthy older adults: A 3‐year prospective study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 33, no 5, p. 748–754, 2018. DOI: 10.1002/gps.4850.
GARCÍA GONZÁLEZ, J. et al. Effects of prenatal music stimulation on state/trait anxiety in full-term pregnancy and its influence on childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, [s.l.], v. 31, no 8, p. 1058–1065, 2018. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1306511.
GOODMAN, J. H. et al. CALM pregnancy: results of a pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for perinatal anxiety. Archives of Women's Mental Health, [s.l.] v. 17, nº 5, p. 373-387, 2014. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-013-0402-7.
HAEGER, A. et al. Cerebral changes improved by physical activity during cognitive decline: A systematic review on MRI studies. NeuroImage: Clinical, [s.l.], v. 23, p. 101933, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101933.
HAIM, A. et al. The effects of gestational stress and Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant treatment on structural plasticity in the postpartum brain — A translational model for postpartum depression. Hormones and Behavior, [s.l.], v. 77, p. 124–131, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.005.
HANTSOO, L.; EPPERSON, C. N. Anxiety Disorders Among Women: A Female Lifespan Approach. Focus, [s.l.], v. 15, no 2, p. 162–172, 2017. DOI: 10.1176/appi.focus.20160042.
HERNÁNDEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, O. T. et al. Role of Estradiol in the Expression of Genes Involved in Serotonin Neurotransmission: Implications for Female Depression. Current Neuropharmacology. [s.l.], v. 17, nº 5, p. 459-471. 2019. DOI: 10.2174/1570159X16666180628165107.
HOFMANN, S. G.; GÓMEZ, A. F. Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, [s.l.], v. 40, nº 4, p. 739-749, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008.
ISMAILI, E. et al. Fourth consensus of the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders (ISPMD): auditable standards for diagnosis and management of premenstrual disorder. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 19, no 6, p. 953–958, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-016-0631-7.
KANDOLA, A. et al. Moving to Beat Anxiety: Epidemiology and Therapeutic Issues with Physical Activity for Anxiety. Current Psychiatry Reports, [s.l.], v. 20, no 8, p. 63, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-018-0923-x.
KEENAN, K. et al. Association Between Fatty Acid Supplementation and Prenatal Stress in African Americans. Obstetrics & Gynecology, [s.l.], v. 124, no 6, p. 1080–1087, 2014. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000559.
KELLER, J. et al. HPA axis in major depression: cortisol, clinical symptomatology and genetic variation predict cognition. Molecular Psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 22, no 4, p. 527–536, 2017. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.120.
KHAN, A. et al. Sex differences in antidepressant response in recent antidepressant clinical trials. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, [s.l.], v. 25, nº 4, p. 318-324, 2005. DOI: 10.1097/01.jcp.0000168879.03169.ce.
KIM, Y.-K. Anxiety Disorders. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. v. 1191. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0.
KIMBALL, A. et al. Neuroactive steroid levels are elevated in the follicular phase and predict premenstrual depression and anxiety symptom severity in women with menstrually related mood disorder. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01532-3.
KOWALCZYK, M. et al. Differences in anxiety, worry, and perceived stress among naturally cycling women and oral contraceptives users: a cross-sectional study investigating the role of contraceptive types. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 27, no 2, p. 241–247, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01405-1.
KRIS-ETHERTON, P. M. et al. Nutrition and behavioral health disorders: depression and anxiety. Nutrition Reviews, [s.l.], v. 79, no 3, p. 247–260, 2021. DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa025.
KROL, K. M.; GROSSMANN, T. Psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and mothers. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, [s.l.], v. 61, no 8, p. 977–985, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2769-0.
LEGATES, T. A., et al. Sex differences in antidepressant efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2019 Jan;44(1):140-154. doi: 10.1038/s41386-018-0156-z.
LEUNER, B. et al. Chronic Gestational Stress Leads to Depressive-Like Behavior and Compromises Medial Prefrontal Cortex Structure and Function during the Postpartum Period. PLoS ONE, [s.l.], v. 9, no 3, p. e89912, 2014. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089912.
LEVY, J. C. P. et al. Anxiety and neural correlates of attention and self-regulation in pregnancy: a resting-state EEG study. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 28, no 1, p. 43–53, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01505-6.
LI, C. et al. Estrogen alters hippocampal dendritic spine shape and enhances synaptic protein immunoreactivity and spatial memory in female mice. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, [s.l.], v. 101, nº 7, p. 2185-2190, 2004. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0307313101.
LI, W. et al. Reciprocal relationships between self-esteem, coping styles and anxiety symptoms among adolescents: between-person and within-person effects. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 17, no 1, p. 21, 2023. DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00564-4.
LI, X. Q. et al. Roles of glucocorticoids in human parturition: A controversial fact? Placenta, [s.l.], v. 35, no 5, p. 291–296, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.03.005.
LIU, H. et al. The effects of mindfulness-based interventions on anxiety, depression, stress, and mindfulness in menopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, [s.l.], v. 10, p. e1045642, 2023. DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1045642.
LUKASIK, K. M. et al. The Relationship of Anxiety and Stress With Working Memory Performance in a Large Non-depressed Sample. Frontiers in Psychology, [s.l.], v. 10, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00004.
LUCAS, M. et al. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid for the treatment of psychological distress and depressive symptoms in middle-aged women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, [s.l.], v. 89, no 2, p. 641–651, 2009. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26749.
LUPIEN, S. J. et al. The effects of chronic stress on the human brain: From neurotoxicity, to vulnerability, to opportunity. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, [s.l.], v. 49, p. 91–105, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.02.001.
LUSCHER, B.; SHEN, Q.; SAHIR, N. The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of major depressive disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 16, no 4, p. 383–406, 2011. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.120.
MACBETH, A. H.; LUINE, V. N. Changes in anxiety and cognition due to reproductive experience: A review of data from rodent and human mothers. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, [s.l.], v. 34, no 3, p. 452–467, 2010. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.011.
MARCUS, S. M. Sex differences in depression symptoms in treatment-seeking adults: confirmatory analyses from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 49, nº 3, p. 238-246, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.06.012.
MARIN, M. T.; CRUZ, F. C.; PLANETA, C. S. Chronic restraint or variable stresses differently affect the behavior, corticosterone secretion and body weight in rats. Physiology & Behavior, [s.l.], v. 90, no 1, p. 29–35, 2007. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.08.021.
MATYAS, M. et al. The association between maternal stress and human milk concentrations of cortisol and prolactin. Scientific Reports, [s.l.], v. 14, no 1, p. 28115, 2024. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-75307-2.
MAYER, F. P. et al. Serotonin-releasing agents with reduced off-target effects. Molecular Psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 28, no 2, p. 722–732, 2023. DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01843-w.
MCCORMACK, C.; CALLAGHAN, B. L.; PAWLUSKI, J. L. It’s Time to Rebrand “Mommy Brain”. JAMA Neurology, [s.l.], v. 80, no 4, p. 335, 2023. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.5180.
MCLEAN, C. P. et al. Gender differences in anxiety disorders: Prevalence, course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness. Journal of Psychiatric Research, [s.l.], v. 45, no 8, p. 1027–1035, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006.
MCNESTRY, C. et al. Pregnancy complications and later life women’s health. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, [s.l.], v. 102, no 5, p. 523–531, 2023. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14523.
MOLENAAR, N. M. et al. Guidelines on treatment of perinatal depression with antidepressants: An international review. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 52, nº 4, p. 320-327, 2018. DOI: 10.1177/0004867418762057.
MONTE L. M.; ELLIS R. Fertility of women in the United States, 2012. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau; 2014.
MOSEWICH, A. D. et al. Applying Self-Compassion in Sport: An Intervention With Women Athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, [s.l.], v. 35, no 5, p. 514–524, 2013. DOI: 10.1123/jsep.35.5.514.
NAGEL, E. M. et al. Maternal Psychological Distress and Lactation and Breastfeeding Outcomes: a Narrative Review. Clinical Therapeutics, [s.l.], v. 44, no 2, p. 215–227, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.11.007.
NARASIMHAN, M. et al. Self-care interventions for women’s health and well-being. Nature Medicine, [s.l.], v. 30, no 3, p. 660–669, 2024. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-024-02844-8.
NESSE, R. M. Anxiety Disorders in Evolutionary Perspective. Evolutionary Psychiatry. [s.l.]: Cambridge University Press, 2022. p. 101–116. DOI: 10.1017/9781009030564.009.
NEUMANN, I. D.; TORNER, L.; WIGGER, A. Brain oxytocin: differential inhibition of neuroendocrine stress responses and anxiety-related behaviour in virgin, pregnant and lactating rats. Neuroscience, [s.l.], v. 95, no 2, p. 567–575, 1999. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00433-9.
NILLNI, Y. I.; TOUFEXIS, D. J.; ROHAN, K. J. Anxiety sensitivity, the menstrual cycle, and panic disorder: A putative neuroendocrine and psychological interaction. Clinical Psychology Review, [s.l.], v. 31, no 7, p. 1183–1191, 2011. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.006.
OLIVEIRA, C. DE et al. The Role of Mental Health on Workplace Productivity: A Critical Review of the Literature. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, [s.l.], v. 21, no 2, p. 167–193, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s40258-022-00761-w.
OLIVEIRA, D. C. DE et al. Anxiolytic-like effect of oxytocin in the simulated public speaking test. Journal of Psychopharmacology, [s.l.], v. 26, no 4, p. 497–504, 2012. DOI: 10.1177/0269881111400642.
ORGANIZAÇÃO MUNDIAL DA SAÚDE. Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders: Global Health Estimates. 2017: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA3.0 IGO. Disponível em: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/depression-global-health-estimates. Acesso realizado em 26/12/2024
PACKARD, A. E. B.; EGAN, A. E.; ULRICH‐LAI, Y. M. HPA Axis Interactions with Behavioral Systems. Comprehensive Physiology. [s.l.]: Wiley, 2016. p. 1897–1934. DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150042.
PAWLUSKI, J. L.; LONSTEIN, J. S.; FLEMING, A. S. The Neurobiology of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression. Trends in Neurosciences, [s.l.], v. 40, no 2, p. 106–120, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.11.009.
PESTANA, J. E. et al. Maternal Experience Does Not Predict Fear Extinction and Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Primiparous Rats Post-weaning. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, [s.l.], v. 2, 2021. DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2021.742337.
PETTS, R. J.; CARLSON, D. L. Managing a Household During a Pandemic: Cognitive Labor and Parents’ Psychological Well-being. Society and Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 13, no 3, p. 187–207, 2023. DOI: 10.1177/21568693231169521.
PLATT, J. et al. Unequal depression for equal work? How the wage gap explains gendered disparities in mood disorders. Social Science & Medicine, [s.l.], v. 149, p. 1–8, 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.056.
RAES, F. The Effect of Self-Compassion on the Development of Depression Symptoms in a Non-clinical Sample. Mindfulness, [s.l.], v. 2, no 1, p. 33–36, 2011. DOI: 10.1007/s12671-011-0040-y.
RAPISARDA, S.; SANTORO, V.; DAL CORSO, L. Unleashing the potential of metaphors: a categorization system for exploring return to work after maternity. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 27, no 4, p. 607–618, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01446-0.
RAZ, S. Event-related potentials and behavioral correlates of emotional recognition memory in late pregnancy. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 28, no 1, p. 25–42, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-024-01503-8.
REARDON, L. E.; LEEN-FELDNER, E. W.; HAYWARD, C. A critical review of the empirical literature on the relation between anxiety and puberty. Clinical Psychology Review, [s.l.], v. 29, no 1, p. 1–23, 2009. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2008.09.005.
REICH-STIEBERT, N.; FROEHLICH, L.; VOLTMER, J.-B. Gendered Mental Labor: A Systematic Literature Review on the Cognitive Dimension of Unpaid Work Within the Household and Childcare. Sex Roles, [s.l.], v. 88, no 11–12, p. 475–494, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-023-01362-0.
RIVERA N. M. et al. The Post-Ovariectomy Interval Affects the Antidepressant-Like Action of Citalopram Combined with Ethynyl-Estradiol in the Forced Swim Test in Middle Aged Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). [s.l.], v. 3, nº 9, p. e21, 2016. DOI: 10.3390/ph9020021.
RIVI, V.; PETRILLI, G.; BLOM, J. M. C. Mind the Mother When Considering Breastfeeding. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, [s.l.], v. 1, 2020. DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2020.00003.
ROBIYANTO, R. et al. Switching pattern and dose adjustment of antidepressants before and during pregnancy. Archives of Womens Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 26, nº 5, p. 685-696, 2023a. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01355-8.
ROBIYANTO, R. et al. Exposure to psychotropic drugs before and during pregnancy: what has changed over the last two decades? Archives of Womens Mental Health, [s.l.], v. 26, nº1, p. 39-48, 2023b. DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01290-8.
ROEMER, L. Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Report, [s.l.], v. 15, nº 11, p. e410, 2013. DOI: 10.1007/s11920-013-0410-3.
ROSANO, C. et al. Hippocampal Response to a 24-Month Physical Activity Intervention in Sedentary Older Adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 25, no 3, p. 209–217, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.11.007.
SARRIS, J. et al. Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry. The Lancet Psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 2, no 3, p. 271–274, 2015. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00051-0.
SATYAPRIYA, M. et al. Effect of integrated yoga on anxiety, depression & well being in normal pregnancy. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, [s.l.], v. 19, no 4, p. 230–236, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2013.06.003.
SCHARFMAN, H. E.; MACLUSKY, N. J. Estrogen and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus: complexity of steroid hormone-growth factor interactions in the adult CNS. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, [s.l.], v. 27, nº 7, p. 415-435, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.09.004.
SCHOLL, J. L. et al. Sex differences in anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Physiology & Behavior, [s.l.], v. 211, p. 112670, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112670.
SCHUCH, F. B.; VANCAMPFORT, D. Physical activity, exercise, and mental disorders: it is time to move on. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, [s.l.], 2021. DOI: 10.47626/2237-6089-2021-0237.
SHAPIRA, L. B.; MONGRAIN, M. The benefits of self-compassion and optimism exercises for individuals vulnerable to depression. The Journal of Positive Psychology, [s.l.], v. 5, no 5, p. 377–389, 2010. DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2010.516763.
SHI, Z.; MACBETH, A. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on maternal perinatal mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Mindfulness, [s.l.], v. 8, p: 823-847. DOI: 10.1007/s12671-016-0673-y.
SHULMAN, B. et al. Feasibility of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group intervention as an adjunctive treatment for postpartum depression and anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, [s.l.], v. 235, nº 1, p. 61-67, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.12.065.
SOHRABJI, F.; LEWIS, D. K. Estrogen-BDNF interactions: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, [s.l.], v. 27, nº 4, p. 404-414, 2006. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2006.09.003.
SHORS T. J. et al. Do sex differences in rumination explain sex differences in depression? J Neurosci Res, [s.l.], v. 95, p. 711–8, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23976
SMITH, P. J.; MERWIN, R. M. The Role of Exercise in Management of Mental Health Disorders: An Integrative Review. Annual Review of Medicine, [s.l.], v. 72, no 1, p. 45–62, 2021. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-060619-022943.
SOLUM, D. T.; HANDA, R. J. Estrogen regulates the development of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein in the rat hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience, [s.l.] v. 22, nº 7, p. 2650-2659, 2002. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-07-02650.2002.
SOUZA, L. K. De; HUTZ, C. S. A autocompaixão em mulheres e relações com autoestima, autoeficácia e aspectos sociodemográficos. Psico, [s.l.], v. 47, no 2, p. 89, 2016. DOI: 10.15448/1980-8623.2016.2.21185.
SOUZA, M. C. DE et al. A Synergistic Effect of a Daily Supplement for 1 Month of 200 mg Magnesium plus 50 mg Vitamin B 6 for the Relief of Anxiety-Related Premenstrual Symptoms: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study. Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, [s.l.], v. 9, no 2, p. 131–139, 2000. DOI: 10.1089/152460900318623.
STANISCUASKI, F. et al. Bias against parents in science hits women harder. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, v.10, n° 1, p. 201, 2023. DOI: 10.1057/s41599-023-01722-x
TAYLOR, B. T.; CAVANAGH, K.; STRAUSS, C. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in the perinatal period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, [s.l.], v. 11, nº 5, p. e0155720, 2016. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.015572.
THASE, M. E. et al. Relative antidepressant efficacy of venlafaxine and SSRIs: sex-age interactions. Journal of Womens Health (Larchmt), [s.l.], v. 14, nº 7, p. 609-616, 2005. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2005.14.609.
TSAI, C.-L. et al. An acute bout of aerobic or strength exercise specifically modifies circulating exerkine levels and neurocognitive functions in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment. NeuroImage: Clinical, [s.l.], v. 17, p. 272–284, 2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.028.
TU, M. T.; LUPIEN, S. J.; WALKER, C. ‐D. Multiparity Reveals the Blunting Effect of Breastfeeding on Physiological Reactivity to Psychological Stress. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, [s.l.], v. 18, no 7, p. 494–503, 2006. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01441.x.
UNICEF. Global Breastfeeding Scorecard 2023. Rates of Breastfeeding Increase Around the World Through Improved Protection and Support. Disponível em < https://www.unicef.org/media/150586/file#:~:text=Highlights%20for%20the%202023% 20Scorecard&text=Globally%20rates%20of%20exclusive%20breastfeeding,target%20o f%2050%25%20by%202025.>. Acesso realizado em 27/12/2024
VIGNOLI, M.; MUSCHALLA, B.; MARIANI, M. G. Workplace Phobic Anxiety as a Mental Health Phenomenon in the Job Demands-Resources Model. BioMed Research International, [s.l.], v. 2017, p. 1–10, 2017. DOI: 10.1155/2017/3285092.
VOSS, M. W. et al. Neurobiological markers of exercise-related brain plasticity in older adults. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, [s.l.], v. 28, p. 90–99, 2013. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.021.
WEI, J. et al. Estrogen protects against the detrimental effects of repeated stress on glutamatergic transmission and cognition. Molecular psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 19, p. 588–598. DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.83.
WOOLLEY, C. S. et al. Estradiol increases the sensitivity of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells to NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic input: correlation with dendritic spine density. Journal of Neuroscience, [s.l.] v. 17, nº 5, p. 1848-1859. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-05-01848.1997.
YUEN, M. et al. The Effects of Breastfeeding on Maternal Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Journal of Women’s Health, [s.l.], v. 31, no 6, p. 787–807, 2022. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2021.0504.
ZHAO, X. R. et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is associated with distinct resting-state neural patterns in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Asia-Pacific psychiatry, [s.l.], v. 11, nº 4, p. e12368, 2019. DOI: 10.1111/appy.12368
ZIMMER, P. et al. The effects of different aerobic exercise intensities on serum serotonin concentrations and their association with Stroop task performance: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Applied Physiology, [s.l.], v. 116, no 10, p. 2025–2034, 2016. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3456-1.
ZULFARINA, M. S. et al. Pharmacological Therapy in Panic Disorder: Current Guidelines and Novel Drugs Discovery for Treatment-resistant Patient. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, [s.l.], v. 17, no 2, p. 145–154, 2019. DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.2.145.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2025 Neurociências & Sociedade
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Todas as publicações da Revista Neurociências e Sociedade estão licenciadas sob a licença Creative Commons Atribuição-Não-Comercial-Compartilhamento pela mesma Licença 4.0 Internacional CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Você é livre para:
- Compartilhar – copie e redistribua o material em qualquer meio ou formato
- Adaptar – remixar, transformar e desenvolver o material
- O licenciante não pode revogar essas liberdades desde que você siga os termos da licença.
Nos seguintes termos:
- Atribuição — Você deve dar o devido crédito , fornecer um link para a licença e indicar se foram feitas alterações . Você pode fazê-lo de qualquer maneira razoável, mas não de forma que sugira que o licenciante endossa você ou seu uso.
- Não Comercial — Você não pode usar o material para fins comerciais .
- ShareAlike — Se você remixar, transformar ou desenvolver o material, deverá distribuir suas contribuições sob a mesma licença do original.
- Sem restrições adicionais — Você não pode aplicar termos legais ou medidas tecnológicas que restrinjam legalmente outras pessoas de fazerem qualquer coisa que a licença permita.
