FINANCIAL WARFARE, ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND EURASIAN GEOPOLITICS

Authors

  • Fernando Silva Azevedo Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Keywords:

United States, Iran, Financial Warfare, Eurasian Geopolitics

Abstract

The United States has been using commercial and financial tools to put pressure on the Islamic Republic of Iran since the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution in 1979. These constraints have their objectives associated with geopolitical dynamics and not with the economic field. The main hypothesis of the article is that trade sanctions and the financial attack fulfill the function of constantly pressure on an opponent of the United States located in a strategic region. To explore the main hypothesis, the article will present a brief history of the commercial and financial pressure applied by the United States against Iran. In addition, to anchor economic pressure in the logic of geopolitics, the article will also introduce the teachings of three thinkers in an introductory way, Halford Mackinder, Nicholas J. Spykman and Zbigniew Brzezinski. Such authors contribute in a fundamental way to understand the importance of the space where Iran is for the geostrategy of the United States

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Fernando Silva Azevedo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

Possui graduação em Ciência Econômica pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (2015). Atualmente Mestre em Economia Política Internacional pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e graduando em Defesa e Gestão Estratégica Internacional. Tem experiência na área de Economia, com ênfase em Teoria Monetária e Financeira, Economia Política Internacional, com ênfase em moeda internacional, e Estudos Estratégicos e Defesa, com ênfase em Guerra Econômica e Financeira

References

Referências

BANDEIRA, L. A. M. A desordem mundial: o espectro da total dominação. Civilização Brasileira: Rio de Janeiro. 2016.

BRZEZINSKI, Z. Game plan. Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986.

BRZEZINSKI, Z. The grand chessboard: American primacy and its geostrategic imperatives. New York: Basic Books, 1997.

BRZEZINSKI, Z. Strategic vision: america and the crisis of global power. New York: Basic Books, 2012.

COSTA, W. M. Geografia política e geopolítica: um discurso sobre o território e o poder. São Paulo: Editora Universidade de São Paulo, 1992.

DREZNER, D.W. Sanctions sometimes smart: targeted sanctions in theory and practice. International Studies Review Volume 13, 96–108. 2011. Disponível em: <https://academic.oup.com/isr/article-abstract/13/1/96/1807429>. Acesso em: 27 ago 2020.

DUBOWITZ, M.; FIXLER, A. Cyber-enabled ‘swift’ warfare: power, blowback, and hardening american defenses. In: S. F. Ravich, Cyber-enabled economic warfare: an evolving challenge. Washington: Gudson Institute, p. 14-48. 2015.

EUA; Departamento de Estado. Designation of iranian entities and individuals for proliferation activities and support for terrorism, 2007. Disponível em: <https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/oct/94193.htm>. Acesso em: 11 out 2020.

FAYAZMANESH, S. The United States and Iran: sanctions, wars and the policy of dual containment. Nova Iorque: Routledge, 2008.

FENAROLI, G. C. Financial warfare: money as an instrument of conflict and tension in the international arena. Senior Projects Spring 2016. Disponível em: <https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/senproj_s2016/136/>. Acesso em: 18 ago 2020.

GERACE, M. P. Between mackinder and spykman: geopolitics, containment, and after, in “Comparative Strategy”, vol 10, p. 347-364, 1991.

KATZENSTEIN, S. Dollar unilateralism: the new frontline of national security. Indiana Law Journal, 293 – 351, 2015. Disponível em: <http://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/16-Katzenstein.pdf>. Acesso em: 15 ago 2020

KATZMAN, K. Iran sanctions. Washington: Congressional Research Service, Julho, 2020.

KITTRIE, O. F. New sanctions for a new century: treasury's innovative use of financial sanctions. University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, 189-822, 2009. Disponível em: <https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/jil/vol30/iss3/3/>. Acesso em: 23 ago 2020.

LACOSTE, Y. A geografia: isso serve, em primeiro lugar, para fazer a guerra. Campinas: Papirus. 1988.

MACKINDER, H. Geographical pivot of history. The Geographical Journal,, Vol. 23, No. 4, p.421-444, 1904.

MALONEY, S. Iran's political economy since revolution. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2015.

MELLO, L. I. Quem tem medo da geopolitica? São Paulo: EDUSP, 1999.

PADULA, R. O pensamento geoestratégico e os documentos estratégicos dos EUA no pós Guerra Fria. Carta Internacional (USP), v. 13, p. 31-55, 2018.

PECEQUILO, C. S., & FORNER, C. N. Barack Obama e o Oriente Médio: um Panorama Crítico (2009/2017). Carta Internacional, v. 12, p. 101-125, 2017.

RAJENDRAN, G. Financial blockades: reserve currencies as instruments of coercion. In: A. Wheatley, The power of currencies and the currencies of power, pp. 87-101. London: Routlegde. 2013.

RIVLIN, P. Leverage of economic sanctions - the case of US sanctions against Iran, 1979–2016. In: M. WIGELL, S. SCHOLVIN, & M. AALTOLA, Geo-economics and power politics in the 21st century: the revival of economic statecraft, p. 135 - 153. New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.

SERRANO, F., & MEDEIROS, C. A. Padrões monetários internacionais e crescimento. In: J. L. FIORI, Estados e moedas no desenvolvimento das nações, p. 119-151. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1999.

SILVA AZEVEDO, F. Sanções financeiras: um estudo de caso sobre o uso da arma monetária sobre o Irã. Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ [Dissertação de mestrado], 2020. Disponível em: <https://www.ie.ufrj.br/images/IE/PEPI/disserta%C3%A7%C3%B5es/2020/Disserta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20Fernando%20Silva%20Azevedo%20-%20PEPI.pdf>. Acesso em: 04 set 2020.

SPYKMAN, N. Geography and foreign policy I. The American Political Science Review, Vol. 32, No. 1, p. 28-50, 1938.

SPYKMAN, N. America's strategy in world politics: the united States and the balance of power. Nova Iorque: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1942.

TORRES FILHO, E. A bomba dólar: paz, moeda e coerção. Instituto de Economia - UFRJ - Texto para Discussão 026 | 2019. Disponível em: <https://www.ie.ufrj.br/images/IE/TDS/2019/TD_IE_026_2019_TORRES%20FILHO.pdf>. Acesso em: 01 ago 2020.

WILKINSON, D. Spykman and geopolitics. In C.E Zoppo e C. Zorgbibe (editores) On Geopolitics: Classical and Nuclear. Dordrecht:Martinus Nijhoq, 1985.

XIANGSUI, W., & LIANG, Q. Unrestricted Warfare. Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts, 1999.

ZARATE, J. Treasury’s war: the unleashing of a new era of financial warfare. New York: PublicAffairs, 2013.

Published

2021-09-02

How to Cite

Azevedo, F. S. (2021). FINANCIAL WARFARE, ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND EURASIAN GEOPOLITICS. Hoplos Journal of Strategic Studies and International Relations, 5(8), 7-27. Retrieved from https://periodicos.uff.br/hoplos/article/view/48230

Issue

Section

Artigos