Belief and belonging: The labyrinth of post-Ottoman societies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202113301Keywords:
Post-traumatic identity, post-traumatic politics, identitarian and belonging labyrinth, postcolonial schizophrenia, identitarian bluffingAbstract
Post-colonial coagulation is the dilemma of many societies in endless formation due to the aftermath of colonialism and the dominance of coloniality, and even more so when this aftermath has been converted into a never-ending labyrinth for political-Islamic anthropology, particularly in the Arab case. The present study primarily aims to analyze the emergence of Abrahamic religions among Arab tribes and their role in supplanting the canon of identity and belonging, forming a universal standard for legal identity substantially different from the European one, and overturning the ancient tribal concept. The study then shifts to analyzing the formation of Islamic ideology as positive law by means of an empirical parallelism with Roman law, thus introducing the Latin concept of interpolare. We therefore arrive at the conclusion of how foreign-colonial interference played the main role in diluting the identity canon and that of belonging, creating a false identity, shaped to conform to colonial compromises, wrapping religious epistemology in a forced normative system to have caused schizophrenia and cognitive resistance to power and normative disobedience, even prompting schizophrenia and an aversion to reality.
Downloads
References
ABDEL RAZIQ, Ali. الإسلام واصول الحكم [Los principios de la gobernanza en el islam](III). Cai-ro: Al-mṭbʿẗ al-mṣrīẗ, 1925.
ABU-LUGHOD, Leila. Zones of Theory in the Anthropology of the Arab World. Annual Re-view of Anthropology, v. 18, p. 267-306, 1989.
AL-ḤKĪMĪ, M. rḍā; SĪDĀN, ǧʿfr; ISLĀMĪ, ḥsn. المدرسة التفكيكية وجدل المعرفة الدينية [La escuela deconstructivista y la meditación religiosa]. Beirut: Alintishar, 2015.
ALLAL, Amin; GEISSER, Vincent. La Tunisie de l’après-Ben Ali. Les partis politiques à la recherche du « peuple introuvable ». Cultures & Conflits, n. 83, p. 118-125, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4000/conflits.18216
ALNASIR, Samer. Concepto jurídico, Religión y Secularidad: Los casos de Israel, Egipto e Iraq. Madrid: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 2019.
ALNASIR, Samer. Calamidades del Derecho (post)Colonial y su Orientalismo: Religión, Identidad y libertad individual en Egipto, Iraq y Túnez. Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Com-parado, n. 158, p. 485-519, mayo/agosto 2020. https://doi.org/10.22201/iij.24484873e.2020.158.15627
ALNASIR, Samer. Introspección antropológica en las prácticas y usos sociales, religiosos, identitarios y de colonialidad entre Egipto, Iraq y Siria. Anales de Antropología, v. 55, n. 2, p. 195-209, 2021. https://doi.org/10.22201/iia.24486221e.2021.78433
AL-H̱ĪŪN, Ršīd. الأديان والمذاهب بالعراق [Las religiones y sectas en Iraq]. Kolen & Bagdad: Al-kamel Verlag, 2007.
BAYART, Jean-François. Etudes postcoloniales (Les) : un carnaval académique. Paris: Karthala, 2010a.
BAYART, Jean-François. Les études postcoloniales : un carnaval académique. Politique étrangère, n. 4, p. 912-918, hiver 2010b. https://doi.org/10.3917/pe.104.0912
BECCARIA, Cesare. Über verbrechen und strafen. Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlad, 1988.
BÉZIAU, Jean-Yves. Quine on identity. Principia: An International Journal of Epistemology, v. 7, n. 1-2, p. 1-15, 2003. Available at: http://www.jyb-logic.org/Quine%20on%20identity-new%20version.pdf. Accessed on: May 23, 2021.
BROCKELMANN, Carl. History of the Islamic Peoples. Translated by Joel Carmichael e Moshe Perlmann. New York: Capricon, 1960.
BOUDERBALA, Négib; PASCON, Paul. Le droit et le fait dans la société composite : essai d’introduction au système juridique marocain. Bulletin économique et social du Maroc, n. 117, p. 1-17, 1970. Disponible sur : https://docplayer.fr/191377014-Le-droit-et-le-fait-dans-la-socie-composite-essai-d-introduction-au-systeme-juridique-marocain.html. Consulté le : 23 mai 2021.
CASTILLO RAMÍREZ, Guillermo. La propuesta de proyecto de nación de Gamio en For-jando Patria (pro nacionalismo) y la crítica del sistema jurídico- político mexicano de prin-cipios del siglo XX. Desacatos: Revista de Ciencias Sociales, n. 43, p. 111-126, 2013. https://doi.org/10.29340/43.112
CHARLES-ROUX, François. Le projet français de conquête de l’Egypte sous le règne de Louis XVI. Caire: Imprimerie de l’Institute Français, 1929.
COKE, Richard. Baghdad, the city of peace. London: T. Butterworth, 1927.
COLE, Juan. R. I. «Indian Money» and the Shi’i Shrine Cities of Iraq, 1786-1850. Middle Eastern Studies, v. 22, n. 4, p. 461-480, 1986. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283138
CONSTANTINE, Stephen. The Making of British Colonial Development Policy 1914-1940. London: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
DENEAULT, Alain. La médiocricité. Québec: Lux, 2015.
EDIB, Halide. Turkey Faces West. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930.
GALLEGO GARCÍA, Elio. Tradición jurídica y derecho subjetivo. Madrid: Dykinson, 2005.
GAMIO, Manuel. Forjando pátria. Traducido por Fernando Armstrong-Fumero. Mexico: Porrúa, 1982.
GAOJI, Wehbe Suleiman. أبو حنيفة النعمان [Abu Hanifa al Numán]. Damasco: Dār al-qlm dmšq, 1993.
GARCÍA PELAYO, Manuel. El tema de las nacionalidades: la teoría de la nación en Otto Bauer. Madrid: Pablo Iglesias, 1981.
GELLNER, Ernest. Système tribal et changement social en Afrique du Nord. Annales Ma-rocaines de Sociologie, n. 2, p. 3-19, 1969.
GELLNER, Ernest. Naciones y nacionalismo. Traducido por Javier Seto. Madrid: Alianza, 2008.
GROSSI, Paolo. Europa y el Derecho. Traducido por Luigi Giuliani. Madrid: Crítica, 2007.
HAMMOUDI, Abdellah. Segmentarity, social stratification, political power and sainthood: reflections on Gellner’s theses. Economy and Society, v. 9. n. 3, p. 279-303, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085148008538598
HEIKAL, Mohamed Hassanein. العقد النفسية التي تحكم الشرق الأوسط [Los traumas psicologicos go-bernantes de oriente medio]. Cairo: Arab Press Co, 1958.
HENRY, Jean-Robert. L’imaginaire juridique d’une société mutant. In : FLORY, Maurice; HENRY, Jean-Robert; MAHIOU, Ahmed (Org.). La Formation des normes en droit interna-tional du développement. Paris: CNRS, 1984. p. 29-40.
KASER, Max. Las Interpolaciones en las fuentes jurídicas romanas. Traducido por José María Coma y Götz Gallenkamp. Granada: Comares, 1998.
KELSEN, Hans. Teoría pura del Derecho. Traducido por Moisés Nilve. Buenos Aires: Eu-deba, 2000.
LEED, Eric J. No Man’s Land: combat and identity in World War 1. Cambridge: CUP Ar-chive, 1979.
LITVAK, Meir. The Finances of the ʿUlamāʾ Communities of Najaf and Karbalāʾ, 1796-1904. Die Welt Des Islams, v. 40. n. 1, p. 41-66, 2000. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571103
LONGRIGG, Stephen Hemsley. Four centuries of modern Iraq. Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1925.
MALDONADO-TORRES, Nelson. Sobre la colonialidad del ser: contribuciones al desarro-llo de un concepto. In: CASTRO-GÓMEZ, Santiago; GROSFOGUEL, Ramón (Ed.). El giro decolonial: reflexiones para una diversidad epistémica más allá del capitalismo global. Bo-gotá: Siglo del Hombre Editores, 2007. p. 127-167.
MARTIN, Denis-Constant. À la quête des OPNI (objets politiques non identifiés). Com-ment traiter l’invention du politique ? Revue française de science politique, v. 39. n. 6, p. 793-815, 1989. https://doi.org/10.3406/rfsp.1989.394448
MʿRŪF, Nāǧī. عروبة الإمام أبي حنيفة النعمان [Las raíces árabes del Imam abu hanifa al numán]. In: Conferencia de la historia islámica. Cairo: Universidad del Cairo, 1977. No paginado. Disponible en: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133706/http://arareaders.com/books/details/8795. Consultado en: 22 mayo 2021.
MITCHELL, Timothy. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. Berkeley: Uni-versity of California Press, 2012.
NOUSIAINEN, Kevät. Las interacciones del derecho. In: AARNIO, Aulis; GARZÓN VAL-DÉS, Ernesto; UUSITALO, Jyrki (Org.). La normatividad del derecho. Barcelona: Gedisa, 1997. p. 141-160.
NŪRĪ, Nhār. السرديات العثمانية والغربية عن «الشيعة العرب»: الهندسة الإجتماعية وسياسة التدامج والفصل في العراق العثماني المتأخر [Los relatos otomanos y occidentales sobre los shías árabes: la ingeniería social y las políticas de inmersión y segregación en la última época otomana en Iraq. In SʿĪD, Hīdr (Org), الشيعة العرب: المواطَنة والهوية [los shías árabes: la identidad y la ciudadanía]. Beyrouth: Arab Research Institute, 2019. p. 64-93.
ORTEGA Y GASSET, José. España Invertebrada. Madrid: Revista de Occidente, 1921.
PARSONS, Terence. Entities without identity. Philosophical Perspectives, n.1, p. 1-19, 1987. https://doi.org/10.2307/2214141
POPPLEWELL, Richard. British intelligence in Mesopotamia 1914–16. Intelligence and National Security, v. 5, n. 2, p. 139-172, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684529008432050
QUIJANO, Anibal. Colonialidad y Modernidad/Racionalidad. Perú Indígena, v. 13, n. 29, p. 11-20, 1992. https://www.lavaca.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/quijano.pdf
QUIJANO, Anibal. Colonialidad del Poder y Clasificación Social. In: CASTRO-GÓMEZ, Santiago; GROSFOGUEL, Ramón (Org.). El giro decolonial: reflexiones para una diversi-dad epistémica más allá del capitalismo global. Bogotá: Siglo del Hombre, 2007. p. 93-126.
QUINE, Willard van Orman. Word and Object. Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1960.
ROGAN, Eugene. Aşiret Mektebi: Abdülhamid II’s School for Tribes (1892–1907). Interna-tional Journal of Middle East Studies, v. 28. n. 1, p. 83-107, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020743800062796
ROGAN, Eugene. مدرسة العشائر في اسطنبول [la escuela de tribus en Estambul]. Traducido por Nhār Nūrī. Bagdad: Alwarrak, 2014.
ROHALLH BAHRAMI, Broum; AEZAMI, Pour. A study of intellectual-cultural aspects of Abu Hanifa Ahmad Ibn Davood IbnVanand Dinavari. Elixir Economics, n. 67C, p. 21755–21765, 2014. Disponible en: https://www.elixirpublishers.com/articles/1402903974_67C%20(2014)%2021755-21765.pdf. Consultado en: 23 mayo 2021.
SẠLM, Lṭyfẗ mḥmd. النظام القضائي المصري الحديث [el sistema judicial moderno en Egipto]. Cairo: Dạr ạlsẖrwq, 1986. v. 1.
SATIA, Priya. Developing Iraq: Britain, India and the Redemption of Empire and Techno-logy in the First World War. Past & Present, v. 197. n. 1, p. 211-255, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtm008
SCHACHT, Joseph. An Introduction to Islamic Law. New York: Clarendon, 1982.
TAJFEL, Henri. Human groups and social categories: studies in Social Psychology. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
ÜSTÜN, İsmai̇l. The Hopeless Struggle of The Ottomans Against The Spread of S hi’ a in The 19th Century Province of Baghdad. Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, v. 33. n. 2, p. 69-86, 2007. Disponible en: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/162726. Consultado en: 24 mayo 2021.
VIEIRA, Marco. The decolonial subject and the problem of non-Western authenticity. Postcolonial Studies, v. 22. n. 2, p. 150-167, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2019.1608795
WORLD VALUES SURVEY. Online Data Analysis. Available at: https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSOnline.jsp. 2010-2014. Accessed on: 11 feb. 2021.
ʿLĪ, Mḥmd ibrāhīm aḥmd; ʿBD AL-ʿZĪZ, ʿlī bn mḥmd. المذهب عند الحنفية، المالكية، الشافعية والحنابلة [la escuela en los hanafís, malekitas, shafií y hanbalíes]. Kuweit: Al-ūʿī al-islāmī, 2012.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Passages: International Review of Political History and Legal Culture
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A compromise transferring the copyright is requested, with the author’s signature, as the example below:
I / Us, ..................... , author(s) of the article/review: ................................, which
I/we have submitted to the appreciation of ‘Passagens: International Review of Political History and Legal Culture”, am/are aware of the publishing rules and
agree that the copyright related to it is transferred to the Publishing. I (we) take full responsibility for the content of this article; and is will contribute to the Editors to undertake the changes suggested by the evaluators and the review of bibliographic quotations.
__________________, ____/_____
Signature: ________________________________