Modern subversives: Althusius, Spinoza, and Rousseau
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15175/1984-2503-202315104Keywords:
Althusius, Spinoza, Rousseau, contemporary political theoryAbstract
Modern political theory is commonly referenced by the clash between absolutism and liberalism to have emerged between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. There are, however, thinkers who built elements beyond the modern State and who inform the current democratic debate. As such thinkers are historically modern, but theoretically contemporary, they are modern subversives. This article provides a comparative analysis of the political ideas of three theorists who may be considered as modern subversives: the German Johannes Althusias, the Dutchman Baruch Espinosa, and the Genevan to have settled in France, Jean Jacques Rousseau. These thinkers discussed the themes of popular sovereignty, the democratic power of the multitude, and on the general will as overcoming representation. What unites them is the radical and subversive desire to establish, against any form of oppression, the demos as sovereign. Reconsidered in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, these authors have not only informed the contemporary debate on democracy, but also contributed to the very renewal of political theory.
Downloads
References
ALTHUSIUS, Johannes. Política. Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 2003.
ALTHUSSER, Louis. Ler O Capital. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 1980. v. 2.
BENOIST, Alain. The first Federalist: Johannes Althusius. Telos, v. 2000, n. 118, p. 25-58, 2000. Disponível em: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/alaindebenoist/pdf/the_first_federalist_althusius.pdf. Acesso em: 3 jun. 2022.
BOBBIO, Norberto. Estado, governo, sociedade: para uma teoria geral da política. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e terra, 1987.
BOBBIO, Norberto. A teoria das formas de governo. Brasília: UNB, 1997.
CHÂTELET, François; DUHAMEL, Olivier; PISIER-KOUCHNER, Evelyne. História das ideias políticas. Rio de Janeiro: J. Zahar, 2000.
CONSTANT, Benjamin. Da liberdade dos antigos comparada à dos modernos. Revista de Filosofia Política, n.2, p. 1-7, 1985.
COUTINHO, Carlos Nelson. Crítica e utopia em Rousseau. Lua Nova, São Paulo, n. 38, p. 5-30, dez. 1996. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-64451996000200002
DAHL, Robert. Polyarchy, Pluralism, and Scale. Scandinavian Political Studies, v. 7, n. 4, p. 225-240, 1984.
DELLA VOLPE, Galvano. Rousseau e Marx: a Liberdade Igualitária. Lisboa: Edições 70, 1982.
ENGELS, Friedrich. Anti-Duhring. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1976.
ENGELS, Friedrich. Do socialismo utópico ao socialismo científico. São Paulo: Edipro, 2011.
ESPINOSA, Baruch. Tratado político. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2009.
HOBSBAWM, Eric. Como mudar o mundo: Marx e o marxismo. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2011.
KIRK, Russell. Edmund Burke: redescobrindo um gênio. São Paulo: É Realizações, 2016.
LENIN, Vladimir Ilyich. As três fontes e as três partes constitutivas do marxismo. In: ______. Obras escolhidas. Lisboa: Avante, 1980. v. 1, p. 35-39.
MARX, Karl. O Capital. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013. livro 1.
NEGRI, Antonio. Espinosa subversivo e outros escritos. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2016.
NEGRI, Antonio; HARDT, Michael. Multidão: guerra e democracia na era do Império. Rio de Janeiro: Record, 2014.
PITKIN, Hanna Fenichel. Representação: palavras, instituições e idéias. Lua Nova, São Paulo, n. 67, p. 15-47, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-64452006000200003
PLEKHANOV, Georgi. Bernstein and materialism. In: ______. Selected Philosophical Works. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1976. v. 2, p.325-339.
POGREBINSCHI, Thamy. O enigma da democracia em Marx. Rev. bras. Ci. Soc., São Paulo, v. 22, n. 63, p. 55-67, Feb. 2007. Disponível em: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10706305. Acesso em: 4 jun. 2022.
ROUSSEAU, Jean Jacques. O contrato social. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 1996.
ROUSSEAU, Jean Jacques. Discurso sobre a origem e os fundamentos da desigualdade entre os homens. São Paulo: Nova Cultural, 1999. Coleção Os pensadores, v. 2.
ROUSSEAU, Jean Jacques. Emílio ou Da educação. São Paulo: Martins Fontes, 2003.
SCHUMPETER, Joseph. Capitalismo, socialismo e democracia. São Paulo: UNESP, 2017.
Downloads
Published
Versions
- 2023-02-13 (2)
- 2023-02-10 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Passages: International Review of Political History and Legal Culture
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
A compromise transferring the copyright is requested, with the author’s signature, as the example below:
I / Us, ..................... , author(s) of the article/review: ................................, which
I/we have submitted to the appreciation of ‘Passagens: International Review of Political History and Legal Culture”, am/are aware of the publishing rules and
agree that the copyright related to it is transferred to the Publishing. I (we) take full responsibility for the content of this article; and is will contribute to the Editors to undertake the changes suggested by the evaluators and the review of bibliographic quotations.
__________________, ____/_____
Signature: ________________________________